1 Introducing Environmental Science and Sustainability 1 Human Impacts on the Environment 2 Population, Resources, and the Environment 4 Sustainability 8 Environmental Science 10 Addressing Environmental Problems 14 CASE IN POINT Lake Washington 15 2 Environmental Laws, Economics, and Ethics 20 A Brief Environmental History of the United States 21 U.S. Environmental Legislation 25 Economics and the Environment 28 CASE IN POINT Environmental Problems in Central and Eastern Europe 32 Environmental Justice 34 Environmental Ethics, Values, and Worldviews 35 3 Ecosystems and Energy 40 What is Ecology? 41 The Energy of Life 43 CASE IN POINT Life Without the Sun 46 The Flow of Energy through Ecosystems 47 CASE IN POINT How Humans Have Affected the Antarctic Food Web 48 4 Ecosystems and the Physical Environment 56 The Cycling of Materials within Ecosystems 57 Solar Radiation 65 The Atmosphere 67 The Global Ocean 70 Weather and Climate 73 CASE IN POINT Hurricane Katrina 77 Internal Planetary Processes 77 5 Ecosystems and Living Organisms 83 Evolution: How Populations Change over Time 84 Principles of Population Ecology 87 Biological Communities 94 Species Richness in a Community 101 CASE IN POINT Gardens as Ecosystems 103 Community Development 103 Exponential and Logistic Population Growth: Equations 109 6 Major Ecosystems of the World 110 Earth''s Major Biomes 111 Aquatic Ecosystems 121 CASE IN POINT The Everglades 125 Estuaries: Where Fresh Water and Salt Water Meet 126 Marine Ecosystems 127 7 Human Health and Environmental Toxicology 136 Human Health 137 CASE IN POINT Influenza Pandemics Past and Future 140 Environmental Pollution and Disease 140 Determining Health Effects of Environmental Pollution 144 Ecotoxicology: Toxicant Effects on Communities and Ecosystems 148 CASE IN POINT The Ocean and Human Health 149 Decision Making and Uncertainty: Assessment of Risks 150 8 The Human Population 156 The Science of Demography 157 Demographics of Countries 158 Population and Quality of Life 163 Reducing the Total Fertility Rate 164 Government Policies and Fertility 167 CASE IN POINT The Millennium Development Goals 168 Achieving Population Stabilization 170 9 The Urban Environment 174 Population and Urbanization 175 The City as an Ecosystem 178 Urban Land-Use Planning 182 Making Cities More Sustainable 184 CASE IN POINT Curitiba, Brazil 186 10 Energy Consumption 190 Energy Consumption and Policy 191 Energy Efficiency and Conservation 193 Electricity, Hydrogen, and Energy Storage 199 CASE IN POINT Hydrogen and Electricity for Transportation 201 Energy Storage 202Energy Policy 203 11 Fossil Fuels 207 Fossil Fuels 208 Coal 209 Oil and Natural Gas 213 CASE IN POINT The Marcellus Shale 217 CASE IN POINT The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge 221 Synfuels and Other Potential Fossil-Fuel Resources 222 12 Renewable Energy and Nuclear Power 225 Direct Solar Energy 226 Indirect Solar Energy 230 CASE IN POINT The Three Gorges Dam 234 Other Renewable Energy Sources 234 Nuclear Power 236 Pros and Cons of Nuclear Energy 240 Radioactive Wastes 244 CASE IN POINT Yucca Mountain 245 The Future of Nuclear Power 246 13 Water: A Limited Resource 250 The Importance of Water 251 Water Use and Resource Problems 254 CASE IN POINT The Floods of 2011 255 Water Problems in the United States and Canada 257 Global Water Problems 261 Water Management 264 Water Conservation 268 14 Soil Resources 273 The Soil System 274 Soil Properties and Major Soil Types 278 Environmental Problems Related to Soil 281 CASE IN POINT The American Dust Bowl 282 Soil Conservation and Regeneration 285 15 Mineral Resources 291 Introduction to Minerals 292 Environmental Impacts Associated with Minerals 296 CASE IN POINT Copper Basin, Tennessee 298 Minerals: An International Perspective 300 Increasing the Supply of Minerals 301 Using Substitution and Conservation to Expand Mineral Supplies 304 16 Biological Resources 310 Biological Diversity 311 Extinction and Species Endangerment 313 CASE IN POINT Disappearing Frogs 320 Conservation Biology 322 Conservation Policies and Laws 326 Wildlife Management 328 17 Land Resources 332 Land Use 333 Wilderness, Parks, and Wildlife Refuges 335 Forests 337 CASE IN POINT Tongass National Forest 341 Rangelands and Agricultural Lands 344 Wetlands and Coastal Areas 347 Conservation of Land Resources 349 18 Food Resources 353 World Food Security 354 Food Production 356 Challenges of Producing More Crops and Livestock 359 CASE IN POINT Grow Appalachia 361 The Environmental Impacts of Agriculture 364 Solutions to Agricultural Problems 366 Fisheries of the World 368 19 Air Pollution 373 The Atmosphere as a Resource 374 Types and Sources of Air Pollution 374 Urban Air Pollution 377 CASE IN POINT Efforts to Reduce Ozone in Southern California 378 Effects of Air Pollution 379 Controlling Air Pollution in the Ozone Depletion in the Stratosphere 384 Acid Deposition 386 Air Pollution around the World 390 CASE IN POINT Air Pollution in Beijing, New Delhi, and Mexico City 391 Long-Distance Transport of Air Pollution 391 Indoor Air Pollution 392 20 Global Climate Change 398 Introduction to Climate Change 399 The Effects of Global Climate Change 404 CASE IN POINT Impacts in Fragile Areas 404 Dealing with Global Climate Change 411 21 Water Pollution 415 Types of Water Pollution 416 Water Quality Today 424 CASE IN POINT Green Chemistry 426 Improving Water Quality 430 Laws Controlling Water Pollution 434 22 Pest Management 438 What is a Pesticide? 439 Benefits and Problems with Pesticides 440 Risks of Pesticides to Human Health 445 Alternatives to Pesticides 446 CASE IN POINT Bt , Its Potential and Problems 448 Laws Controlling Pesticide Use 451 The Manufacture and Use of Banned Pesticides 452 23 Solid and Hazardous Wastes 456 Solid Waste 457 Waste Prevention 461 Hazardous Waste 466 CASE IN POINT Hanford Nuclear Reservation 468 24 Tomorrow''s World 474 Living Sustainably 475 Sustainable Living: A Plan of Action 475 CASE IN POINT Pennsylvania Association for Sustainable Agriculture 481 CASE IN POINT Durban, South Africa 482 Changing Personal Attitudes and Practices 484 What Kind of World Do We Want? 485 Appendices www.wiley.com/college/raven Glossary 488 Index I-1.