1: Introduction: the issues1.1: Introduction1.2: Rewards and punishers1.3: Approaches to emotion and motivation1.4: Outline2: The nature of emotion2.1: Introduction2.2: A theory of emotion2.3: Different emotions2.
4: Refinements of the theory of emotion2.5: The classification of emotion2.6: Other theories of emotion2.7: Individual differences in emotion, personality and emotional intelligence2.8: Cognition and emotion2.9: Emotion, motivation, reward and mood2.10: The concept of emotion2.11: Advantages of the approach3: The functions of emotion: reward, punishment and emotion in brain design3.
1: Introduction3.2: Brain design and the functions of emotion3.3: Selection of behaviour: cost-benefit 'analysis'3.4: Further functions of emotion3.5: The functions of emotion in an evolutionary, Darwinian, context3.6: The functions of motivation in an evolutionary, Darwinian, context3.7: Are all goals for action gene-specified?4: The brain mechanisms underlying emotion4.1: Introduction4.
2: Overview4.3: Representations of primary reinforcers4.4: Representing potential secondary reinforcers4.5: The orbitofrontal cortex4.6: The amygdala4.7: The cingulate cortex4.8: Human brain imaging investigations of mood and depression4.9: Output pathways for emotional responses4.
10: Effects of emotion on cognitive processing and memory4.11: Laterality effects in human emotional processing4.12: Summary5: Hunger5.1: Introduction5.2: Peripheral signals for hunger and satiety5.3: The control signals for hunger and satiety5.4: The brain control of eating and reward5.5: Obesity, bulimia and anorexia5.
6: Conclusions on reward, affective responses to food, and the control of appetite6: Thirst6.1: Introduction6.2: Cellular stimuli for drinking6.3: Extracellular thirst stimuli6.4: Control of normal drinking6.5: Reward and satiety signals for drinking6.6: Summary7: Brain-stimulation reward7.1: Introduction7.
2: The nature of the reward produced7.3: The location of brain-stimulation reward sites in the brain7.4: The effects of brain lesions on intracranial self-stimulation7.5: The neurophysiology of reward7.6: Some of the properties of brain-stimulation reward7.7: Stimulus-bound motivational behaviour7.8: Conclusions7.9: Apostasis8: Pharmacology of emotion, reward and addiction; the basal ganglia8.
1: Introduction8.2: The noradrenergic hypothesis8.3: Dopamine and reward8.4: The basal ganglia8.5: Opiate reward systems, analgesia, and food reward8.6: Pharmacology of depression in relation to brain systems involved in emotion8.7: Pharmacology of anxiety in relation to brain systems involved in emotion8.8: Cannabinoids8.
9: Overview of behavioural selection and output systems involved in emotion9: Sexual behaviour, reward and brain function; sexual selection of behaviour9.1: Introduction9.2: Mate selection, attractiveness and love9.3: Parental attachment, care and parent-offspring conflict9.4: Sperm competition9.5: Concealed ovulation and its consequences for sexual behaviour9.6: Sexual selection of sexual and non-sexual behaviour9.7: Individual differences in sexual rewards9.
8: The neural reward mechanisms that might mediate some aspects of sexual behaviour9.9: Neural basis of sexual behaviour9.10: Conclusion10: Emotional feelings and consciousness: a theory of consciousness10.1: Introduction10.2: A theory of consciousness10.3: Dual routes to action10.4: Representations10.5: Discussion10.
6: Conclusions and comparisons11: Conclusions and broader issues11.1: Conclusions11.2: Decision-making11.3: Emotion and ethics11.4: Emotion and literature11.5: CloseApp A: Neural networks and emotion-related learningApp B: Reward reversal in the orbitofrontal cortex - a model.