Congenital and Genetic Disorders Congenital 1 Normal Anatomical Variations 2 Normal Anatomy 3 Measurement Techniques 4 MR Artifacts 5 Normal Variant 6 Craniovertebral Junction Variants 7 Ponticulus Posticus 8 Ossiculum Terminale 9 Conjoined Nerve Roots 10 Limbus Vertebra 11 Filum Terminale Fibrolipoma 12 Bone Island 13 Ventriculus Terminalis Chiari Disorders 14 Chiari 0 15 Chiari 1 16 Complex Chiari 17 Chiari 2 18 Chiari 3 Abnormalities of Neurulation 19 Approach to Spine and Spinal Cord Development 20 Myelomeningocele 21 Lipomyelomeningocele 22 Lipoma 23 Dorsal Dermal Sinus 24 Simple Coccygeal Dimple 25 Dermoid Cysts 26 Epidermoid Cysts Anomalies of the Caudal Cell Mess 27 Tethered Spinal Cord 28 Segmental Spinal Dysgenesis 29 Caudal Regression Syndrome 30 Terminal Myelocystocele 31 Anterior Sacral Meningocele 32 Sacral Extradural Arachnoid Cyst 33 Sacrococcygeal Teratoma Anomalies of Notochord and Vertebral Formation 34 Craniovertebral Junction Embryology 35 Paracondylar Process 36 Split Atlas 37 Klippel-Feil Spectrum 38 Failure of Vertebral Formation 39 Vertebral Segmentation Failure 40 Split Cord Malformation (formerly diastematomyelia) 41 Partial Vertebral Duplication 42 Incomplete Fusion, Posterior Element 43 Neurenteric Cyst Developmental Abnormalities 44 Os Odontoideum 45 Lateral Meningocele 46 Dorsal Spinal Meningocele 47 Dural Dysplasia 48 Genetic Disorders 49 Neurofibromatosis Type 1 50 Neurofibromatosis Type 2 51 Schwannomatosis 52 Achondroplasia 53 Mucopolysaccharidoses 54 Sickle Cell Disease 55 Osteogenesis Imperfecta 56 Tuberous Sclerosis 57 Osteopetrosis 58 Gaucher Disease 59 Ochronosis 60 Connective Tissue Disorders 61 Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia DEL Thanatophoric Dwarfism Scoliosis and Kyphosis 62 Introduction to Scoliosis 63 Scoliosis 64 Kyphosis 65 Degenerative Scoliosis 66 Flat Back Syndrome 67 Scoliosis Instrumentation Trauma 68 Vertebral Column, Discs, and Paraspinal Muscle 69 Fracture Classification 70 Atlantooccipital Dislocation 71 Ligamentous Injury 72 Occipital Condyle Fracture 73 Jefferson C1 Fracture 74 Atlantoaxial Rotatory Fixation 75 Odontoid C2 Fracture 76 Burst C2 Fracture 77 Hangman''s C2 Fracture 78 Apophyseal Ring Fracture 79 Cervical Hyperflexion Injury 80 Cervical Hyperextension Injury 81 Cervical Hyperextension-Rotation Injury 82 Cervical Burst Fracture 83 Cervical Hyperflexion-Rotation Injury 84 Cervical Lateral Flexion Injury 85 Cervical Posterior Column Injury 86 Traumatic Disc Herniation 87 Thoracic and Lumbar Burst Fracture 88 Facet-Lamina Thoracolumbar Fracture 89 Fracture Dislocation 90 Chance Fracture 91 Thoracic and Lumbar Hyperextension Injury 92 Anterior Compression Fracture 93 Lateral Compression Fracture 94 Lumbar Facet-Posterior Fracture 95 Sacral Traumatic Fracture 96 Pedicle Stress Fracture 97 Sacral Insufficiency Fracture Cord, Dura, and Vessels 98 SCIWORA 99 Post-Traumatic Syrinx 100 Presyrinx Edema 101 Spinal Cord Contusion-Hematoma 102 Idiopathic Spinal Cord Herniation 103 Central Spinal Cord Syndrome 104 Traumatic Dural Tear 105 Traumatic Epidural Hematoma 106 Traumatic Subdural Hematoma 107 Vascular Injury, Cervical 108 Traumatic Arteriovenous Fistula 109 Wallerian Degeneration Degenerative Diseases and Arthritides Degenerative Diseases 110 Nomenclature of Degenerative Disc Disease 111 Degenerative Disc Disease 112 Degenerative Endplate Changes 113 Degenerative Arthritis of the CVJ 114 Disc Bulge 115 Anular Fissure, Intervertebral Disc 116 Cervical Intervertebral Disc Herniation 117 Thoracic Intervertebral Disc Herniation 118 Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Herniation 119 Intervertebral Disc Extrusion, Foraminal 120 Cervical Facet Arthropathy 121 Lumbar Facet Arthropathy 122 Facet Joint Synovial Cyst 123 Baastrup Disease 124 Bertolotti Syndrome 125 Schmorl Node 126 Scheuermann Disease 127 Acquired Lumbar Central Stenosis 128 Congenital Spinal Stenosis 129 Cervical Spondylosis 130 DISH 131 OPLL 132 Ossification Ligamentum Flavum 133 Periodontoid Pseudotumor Spondylolisthesis and Spondylolysis 134 Spondylolisthesis 135 Spondylolysis 136 Instability Inflammatory, Crystalline, and Miscellaneous Arthritides 137 Adult Rheumatoid Arthritis 138 Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis 139 Spondyloarthropathy 140 Neurogenic (Charcot) Arthropathy 141 Hemodialysis Spondyloarthropathy 142 Ankylosing Spondylitis 143 CPPD 144 Gout 145 Longus Colli Calcific Tendinitis &n.