List of Illustrations Acknowledgments Introduction 1. TIME AND COSMOLOGY IN ATHENS AND JERUSALEM Introduction Biblical Conceptions of Time Rabbinical Models of Time and Creation Time, Order, and Creation in the Greek Philosophical Tradition Ancient Greek Astronomy and Cosmology Plotinus and the Neoplatonist Tradition Conclusion 2. TIME, CREATION, AND COSMOLOGY Introduction Astronomy and Cosmology: The True Perplexity Revealed Creation Models in Maimonides Creation, Time, and the Instant in Gersonides Creation, Time and Duration in Crescas The Subjectivity of Time according to Albo Scripture, Philosophy, and the First Instant of Creation Conclusion 3. TIME, MOTION, AND THE INSTANT: JEWISH PHILOSOPHERS CONFRONT ZENO Introduction Traversing the Infinite: Zeno, Aristotle, and John Philoponus Jewish Neoplatonic Considerations of Infinite Divisibility Meeting the Kalam Challenge: Kalam Atomism Described Rejection of Kalam Atomism: Saadia Gaon, Halevi, Ibn Daud, and Maimonides Gersonides on the Continuum Crescas on Infinity, Space, and the Vacuum Conclusion 4. TEMPORALITY, HUMAN FREEDOM, AND DIVINE OMNISCIENCE Introduction The Problem Defined: Aristotle's Sea-Flight Paradox Astrological Determinism and Human Freedom Compatibilism in Jewish Kalam: Saadia Gaon and Halevi Maimoides' Compatibilism Incompatibilist Response of Ibn Daud Omniscience and Human Freedom in Gersonides Indeterminism and Prophecy The Challenge of Determinism: Crescas on Divine Knowledge and Possibility Conclusion 5. PRELUDE TO MODERNITY Introduction Newton and His Philosophical Precursors Spinoza's Metaphysical Monism Time, Duration, and Creation: Spinoza and Descartes Compared Substance, Infinity, and Divisibility in Spinoza The Role layed by Imagination Spinoza on Divine Omniscience and Human Freedom Conclusion CONCLUSION: ETERNITY A PARTE POST , INDIVIDUATION AND, IMMORTALIT Y Notes Bibliography Index.