FOREWORDCarter Smith, Executive Director, Texas Parks and Wildlife DepartmentPREFACEACKNOWLEDGMENTSOVERVIEW AND INTRODUCTION TO TEXAS MAMMALSDiversity of Land MammalsGeographic Distribution of Land MammalsMammals of the Barrier Islands of TexasMammals in the Coastal Waters and Gulf of MexicoHistorical Changes in the Texas Mammal FaunaTwentieth-Century Landscape and Land Use Changes in Texas: Impact on Wildlife DiversityImpact of Climate ChangeConservation StrategiesHistory of Mammalogy in TexasSPECIES ACCOUNTS FOR TEXAS MAMMALSInstructions for Interpreting Distribution MapsKey to the Major Groups (Orders) of Mammals in TexasORDER DIDELPHIMORPHIA--Opossums and AlliesFamily Didelphidae--OpossumsDidelphis virginiana, Virginia OpossumORDER SIRENIA--Manatees and AlliesFamily Trichechidae--ManateesTrichechus manatus, West Indian ManateeORDER CINGULATA--Armadillos and AlliesFamily Dasypodidae--ArmadillosDasypus novemcinctus, Nine-banded ArmadilloORDER PRIMATES--PrimatesFamily Cercopithecidae--Old World MonkeysMacaca fuscata, Japanese Macaque*ORDER LAGOMORPHA--Pikas, Hares, and RabbitsKey to the Hares and Rabbits of TexasFamily Leporidae--Hares and RabbitsLepus californicus, Black-tailed JackrabbitSylvilagus aquaticus, Swamp RabbitSylvilagus audubonii, Desert CottontailSylvilagus floridanus, Eastern CottontailSylvilagus robustus, Davis Mountains CottontailORDER SORICOMORPHA--Shrews and MolesKey to the Shrews and Moles of TexasFamily Soricidae--ShrewsBlarina carolinensis, Southern Short-tailed ShrewBlarina hylophaga, Elliot''s Short-tailed ShrewCryptotis parva, Least ShrewNotiosorex crawfordi, Crawford''s Desert ShrewFamily Talpidae--MolesScalopus aquaticus, Eastern MoleORDER CHIROPTERA--BatsKey to the Bats of TexasFamily Molossidae--Free-tailed BatsEumops perotis, Western Bonneted BatNyctinomops femorosaccus, Pocketed Free-tailed BatNyctinomops macrotis, Big Free-tailed BatTadarida brasiliensis, Brazilian Free-tailed BatFamily Mormoopidae--Leaf-chinned BatsMormoops megalophylla, Ghost-faced BatFamily Phyllostomidae--New World Leaf-nosed BatsChoeronycteris mexicana, Mexican Long-tongued BatDiphylla ecaudata, Hairy-legged Vampire BatLeptonycteris nivalis, Mexican Long-nosed BatFamily Vespertilionidae--Vesper BatsAeorestes cinereus, Hoary BatAntrozous pallidus, Pallid BatCorynorhinus rafinesquii, Rafinesque''s Big-eared BatCorynorhinus townsendii, Townsend''s Big-eared BatDasypterus ega, Southern Yellow BatDasypterus intermedius, Northern Yellow BatDasypterus xanthinus, Western Yellow BatEptesicus fuscus, Big Brown BatEuderma maculatum, Spotted BatLasionycteris noctivagans, Silver-haired BatLasiurus blossevillii, Western Red BatLasiurus borealis, Eastern Red BatLasiurus seminolus, Seminole BatMyotis austroriparius, Southeastern MyotisMyotis californicus, California MyotisMyotis ciliolabrum, Western Small-footed MyotisMyotis occultus, Southwestern Little Brown MyotisMyotis septentrionalis, Northern Long-eared MyotisMyotis thysanodes, Fringed MyotisMyotis velifer, Cave MyotisMyotis volans, Long-legged MyotisMyotis yumanensis, Yuma MyotisNycticeius humeralis, Evening BatParastrellus hesperus, American ParastrellePerimyotis subflavus, American PerimyotisORDER CARNIVORA--CarnivoresKey to the Carnivores of TexasFamily Canidae--Dogs, Foxes, and WolvesCanis latrans, CoyoteUrocyon cinereoargenteus, Common Gray FoxVulpes macrotis, Kit FoxVulpes velox, Swift FoxFamily Felidae--CatsLeopardus pardalis, OcelotLynx rufus, BobcatPuma concolor, Mountain LionFamily Mephitidae--SkunksConepatus leuconotus, Hog-nosed SkunkMephitis macroura, Hooded SkunkMephitis mephitis, Striped SkunkSpilogale gracilis, Western Spotted SkunkSpilogale putorius, Eastern Spotted SkunkFamily Mustelidae--Weasels, Otters, and BadgersLontra canadensis, Northern River OtterMustela frenata, Long-tailed WeaselVison vison, American MinkTaxidea taxus, American BadgerFamily Procyonidae--Raccoons, Ringtails, and CoatisBassariscus astutus, RingtailNasua narica, White-nosed CoatiProcyon lotor, Northern RaccoonFamily Ursidae--BearsUrsus americanus, American Black BearExtinct Carnivora Family Canidae--Dogs, Foxes, and WolvesCanis lupus, Gray WolfCanis rufus, Red WolfFamily Felidae--CatsLeopardus wiedii, MargayPanthera onca, JaguarPuma yagouaroundi, JaguarundiFamily Mustelidae--Weasels, Otters, and BadgersMustela nigripes, Black-footed FerretFamily Ursidae--BearsUrsus arctos, Grizzly or Brown BearFamily Phocidae--Earless SealsMonachus tropicalis, Caribbean Monk SealIntroduced Carnivora Family Canidae--Dogs, Foxes, and WolvesVulpes vulpes, Red Fox*Family Otariidae--Eared SealsZalophus californianus, California Sea Lion*ORDER ARTIODACTYLA--Even-toed UngulatesKey to the Even-Toed Ungulates of TexasFamily Antilocapridae--PronghornAntilocapra americana, PronghornFamily Bovidae--Cattle, Antelope, Sheep, Goats, and African ExoticsBos bison, American BisonOvis canadensis, Bighorn SheepFamily Cervidae--Deer and AlliesCervus canadensis, Wapiti or Western ElkOdocoileus hemionus, Mule DeerOdocoileus virginianus, White-tailed DeerFamily Tayassuidae--PeccariesPecari tajacu, Collared PeccaryIntroduced Artiodactyla Family Bovidae--Cattle, Antelope, Sheep, Goats, and African ExoticsAmmotragus lervia, Barbary Sheep or Aoudad*Antilope cervicapra, Blackbuck*Boselaphus tragocamelus, Nilgai*Family Cervidae--Deer and AlliesAxis axis, Axis Deer*Cervus nippon, Sika*Dama dama, Fallow Deer*Family Suidae--PigsSus scrofa, Feral Hog* (see also Domesticated Mammals)Other Artiodactylids Introduced in Texas Tragelaphus strepsiceros, Greater Kudu*Eudorcas thomsonii, Eastern Thomson''s Gazelle*Hippotragus niger, Sable Antelope*Oryx dammah, Scimitar-horned Oryx*Taurotragus oryx, Common Eland*Cervus elaphus, Eastern Red Deer*ORDER CETACEA--Whales, Porpoises, and DolphinsKey to the Whales and Dolphins of the Texas CoastSuborder Mysticeti--Baleen WhalesFamily Balaenidae--Right WhalesEubalaena glacialis, North Atlantic Right WhaleFamily Balaenopteridae--Rorquals or Baleen WhalesBalaenoptera acutorostrata, Common Minke WhaleBalaenoptera borealis, Sei WhaleBalaenoptera brydei, Bryde''s WhaleBalaenoptera musculus, Blue WhaleBalaenoptera physalus, Fin WhaleMegaptera novaeangliae, Humpback WhaleSuborder Odontoceti--Toothed WhalesFamily Delphinidae--Toothed Whales and DolphinsFeresa attenuata, Pygmy Killer WhaleGlobicephala macrorhynchus, Short-finned Pilot WhaleGrampus griseus, Risso''s DolphinLagenodelphis hosei, Fraser''s DolphinOrcinus orca, Killer WhalePeponocephala electra, Melon-headed WhalePseudorca crassidens, False Killer WhaleStenella attenuata, Pantropical Spotted DolphinStenella clymene, Clymene DolphinStenella coeruleoalba, Striped DolphinStenella frontalis, Atlantic Spotted DolphinStenella longirostris, Spinner DolphinSteno bredanensis, Rough-toothed DolphinTursiops truncatus, Common Bottlenose DolphinFamily Kogiidae--Pygmy and Dwarf Sperm WhalesKogia breviceps, Pygmy Sperm WhaleKogia sima, Dwarf Sperm WhaleFamily Physeteridae--Sperm WhalePhyseter macrocephalus, Sperm WhaleFamily Ziphiidae--Beaked WhalesMesoplodon densirostris, Blainville''s Beaked WhaleMesoplodon europaeus, Gervais''s Beaked WhaleZiphius cavirostris, Cuvier''s or Goose-beaked WhaleORDER RODENTIA--RodentsKey to the Rodents of TexasFamily Castoridae--BeaversCastor canadensis, American BeaverFamily Cricetidae--New World Mice, Rats, and VolesBaiomys taylori, Northern Pygmy MouseMicrotus mogollonensis, Mogollon VoleMicrotus ochrogaster, Prairie VoleMicrotus pinetorum, Woodland VoleNeotoma floridana, Eastern WoodratNeotoma leucodon, White-toothed WoodratNeotoma mexicana, Mexican WoodratNeotoma micropus, Southern Plains WoodratOchrotomys nuttalli, Golden MouseOndatra zibethicus, Common MuskratOnychomys arenicola, Chihuahuan or Mearns''s Grasshopper MouseOnychomys leucogaster, Northern Grasshopper MouseOryzomys couesi, Coues''s Rice RatOryzomys texensis, Texas Marsh Rice RatPeromyscus attwateri, Texas DeermousePeromyscus boylii, Brush DeermousePeromyscus eremicus, Cactus DeermousePeromyscus gossypinus, Cotton DeermousePeromyscus laceianus, Lacey''s White-ankled DeermousePeromyscus leucopus, White-footed DeermousePeromyscus maniculatus, North American DeermousePeromyscus nasutus, Northern Rock DeermousePeromyscus truei, Piñon DeermouseReithrodontomys fulvescens, Fulvous Harvest MouseReithrodontomys humulis, Eastern Harvest MouseReithrodontomys megalotis, Western Harvest MouseReithrodontomys montanus, Plains Harvest MouseSigmodon fulviventer, Tawny-bellied Cotton RatSigmodon hispidus, Hispid Cotton RatSigmodon ochrognathus, Yellow-nosed Cotton RatFamily Erethizontidae--New World PorcupinesErethizon dorsatum, North American PorcupineFamily Geomyidae--Pocket GophersCratogeomys castanops, Yellow-faced Pocket GopherGeomys arenarius, Desert Pocket GopherGeomys attwateri, Attwater''s Pocket GopherGeomys breviceps, Baird''s Pocket GopherGeomys bursarius, Plains Pocket GopherGeomys jugossicularis, Hall''s Pocket GopherGeomys knoxjonesi, Jones''s Pocket GopherGeomys personatus, Texas Pocket GopherGeomys streckeri, Strecker''s Pocket GopherGeomys texensis, Llano Pocket GopherThomomys bottae, Botta''s Pocket GopherFamily Heteromyidae--Pocket Mice and Kangaroo RatsChaetodipus eremicus, Chihuahuan Desert Pocket MouseChaetodipus hispidus, Hispid Pocket MouseChaetodipus intermedius, Rock Pocket MouseChaetodipus nelsoni, Nelson''s Pocket MouseDipodomys compactus, Gulf Coast Kangaroo RatDipodomys elator, Texas Kangaroo RatDipodomys merriami, Merriam''s Kangaroo RatDipodomys ordii, Ord''s Kangaroo RatDipodomys spectabilis, Banner-tailed Kangaroo RatLiomys irroratus, Mexican Spiny Pocket MousePerognathus flavescens, Plains Pocket MousePerognathus flavus, Silky Pocket MousePerognathus merriami, Merriam''s Pocket MouseFamily Sciuridae--Squirrels and AlliesAmmospermophilus interpres, Texas Antelope SquirrelCynomys ludovicianus, Black-tailed Prairie DogGlaucomys volans, Southern Flying SquirrelIctidomys parvidens, Rio Grande Ground SquirrelIctidomys tridecemlineatus, Th.