Preface Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 The Emergence of Optics as a Science: The Greek and Early Greco-Roman Background 1 Early Intimations 2 Physical and Psychological Theories of Vision 3 The Anatomical and Physiological Grounds of Vision 4 Theories of Color and Color Perception 5 The Euclidean Visual Ray Theory 6 Euclidean Catoptrics 7 Burning Mirrors and the Analysis of Focal Properties 8 Conclusion Chapter 3 Ptolemy and the Flowering of Greek Optics 1 The Ptolemaic Account of Visual Perception 2 The Ptolemaic Account of Reflection 3 The Ptolemaic Account of Refraction 4 Atmospheric Refraction and the Moon Illusion 5 Conclusion Chapter 4 Greco-Roman and Early Arabic Developments 1 Plotinus's Theory of Visual Perception 2 The Later De anima Commentators 3 Saint Augustine's Psychological Model: The Inward Ascent 4 The Arabic Transition: The De anima Tradition 5 The Arabic Transition: Geometrical Optics 6 Conclusion Chapter 5 Alhacen and the Grand Synthesis 1 The Elements of Alhacen's Analysis 2 Visual Discrimination, Perception, and Conception 3 Reflection and Its Visual Manifestations 4 Refraction and Its Visual Manifestations 5 Conclusion Chapter 6 Developments in the Medieval Latin West 1 Background to the Translation Movement 2 The Translation Movement and the Inroads of Aristotelianism 3 The Scholastic Analysis of Perception and Cognition 4 Geometrical Optics and the Evolving Science of Perspectiva 5 Conclusion Chapter 7 The Assimilation of Perspectivist Optics during the Later Middle Ages and Renaissance 1 Optics as a Quadrivial Pursuit in the Arts Curriculum 2 Theology and the Emergence of Optical Literacy 3 Optical Motifs in Literature 4 Renaissance Art, Naturalism, and Optics 5 Conclusion Chapter 8 The Keplerian Turn and Its Technical Background 1 Technological, Social, and Cultural Changes: 1450-1600 2 Rethinking Concave Mirrors and Convex Lenses 3 Rethinking the Eye 4 Kepler's Analysis of Retinal Imaging 5 The Analytic Turn 6 The Epistemological Turn 7 Conclusion Chapter 9 The Seventeenth-Century Response 1 The Conceptual and Cultural Context for the Keplerian Turn 2 Extending Vision in Both Directions 3 New Theories of Light 4 Recasting Color 5 The Epistemological Consequences 6 Conclusion Bibliography Index.