Acknowledgments Introduction 1 DOING GRAMMAR IN MODERN TIMES Linguistic Description: Slipping Standards? What Does Grammar Even Mean Now? The Monolith Fallacy A Note on the Prescriptive and Descriptive Approaches for Future Teachers 2 PARTS OF SPEECH: AN INTRODUCTION TO WORD CLASSES Parts of Speech Lexical versus Grammatical Categories Word Classes Treated in This Book Word Classes and Productivity Lexical Word Classes Nouns Grammatical Pattern of Nouns: Occurrence with the Definite Article Grammatical Pattern of Nouns: Occurrence with the Plural Marker Verbs Adjectives Are Funner and Funnest Correct? Adverbs Grammatical Word Classes Pronouns Auxiliary Verbs Determiners Conjunctions Prepositions 3 UNITS OF GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS Word Phrase Finite Verb Clause Sentence Types Declarative Sentences Yes/No Questions Wh-Questions Imperative Sentences Tag Questions Exclamative Sentences 4 THE BASIC SENTENCE The Subject-Predicate Split Language Is Like an Onion Form versus Function Form-Function Diagrams The Noun Phrase Potential Parts of the Noun Phrase Determiners The Definite Article The Indefinite Article The Demonstrative The Possessive Determiner Diagramming Noun Phrases with Determiners Adjectives Prepositional Phrases Review of Determiners within Noun Phrases 5 NOUNS AND PRONOUNS Nouns Proper Nouns and Common Nouns Count and Non-Count Nouns Collective Nouns Pluralia Tantum and Similar Nouns Irregular Plurals Older English Plurals Voicing Plurals Foreign Plurals Latin Greek Hebrew Pronouns Personal Pronouns Subject Pronouns Pronouns and Gender Object Pronouns Possessive Pronouns Compound Pronouns and Case Demonstrative Pronouns Indefinite Pronouns Impersonal Pronouns and Gender Reflexive/Reciprocal Pronouns Quantifier Expressions Relative and Interrogative Pronouns 6 FUNCTIONS OF THE NOUN PHRASE Noun Phrase as Subject Dummy Subjects and Cleft Sentences Existential Constructions Noun Phrase as Direct Object Transitivity Noun Phrase as Subject Complement Noun Phrase as Indirect Object Noun Phrase as Object Complement Diagramming Noun Phrases Noun Phrase as Direct Object Noun Phrase as Indirect Object Noun Phrase as Subject Complement Noun Phrase as Object Complement Appositives 7 FUNCTIONS OF PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES Adjuncts The Core of the Clause Attitudinal Adjuncts Adverbial Adjuncts Adverbial Complements Adverbial Complements Following Copulative Verbs Diagramming Adverbial Complements Completion of the Trajectory of a Verb Analyzing Sentences with Multiple Prepositional Phrases Prepositional Verbs Phrasal Verbs Intransitive Phrasal Verbs Transitive Phrasal Verbs Separable and Inseparable Phrasal Verbs Prepositional-Phrasal Verbs Adverbial Complements Following Adjectives 8 THE INFLECTION PHRASE Tense versus Aspect Verb Forms Notes on the Forms Synopsis of the English Verb Present Progressive Present Perfect Present-Perfect Progressive Past Progressive Past Perfect Past-Perfect Progressive Diagramming Verbs Be as the Only Verb in a Sentence 9 OTHER VERB FORMS The Subjunctive Mood The First Subjunctive The Second Subjunctive Modal Verbs Deontic Meaning Ability Epistemicity Future Time Quasi-Modals Modal Verbs in Combination with the Progressive and Perfect Verb Forms Diagramming Modals 10 NEGATION Negation in the Predicate Phrase Not Near-Negatives Negation in the Noun Phrase The Negative Determiner No Negative Indefinite Pronouns Any Two Negatives Make a Positive? 11 ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE Semantic Roles Passivization When to Use the Passive Passive Verb Forms Stative versus Inchoative Passive Diagramming Passive Sentences 12 QUESTION FORMATION Types of Questions Yes/No Questions Wh-Questions Who/Whom Wh-Words as Objects of a Preposition: Pied-Piping versus Preposition Stranding Echo Questions Tag Questions Aren''t I or Am I Not? Tag Questions with There Is and There Are 13 COORDINATION AND COMPOUND SENTENCES Coordinating Conjunctions Lists and the Oxford Comma Parallel Structure Correlative Conjunctions False Coordination Conjunctive Adverbs Subordination versus Coordination Simple, Compound, and Complex Sentences Diagramming Coordinating Conjunctions 14 ADVERBIAL CLAUSES Types of Adverbial Clauses Clauses of Time Clauses of Place Clauses of Concession Clauses of Adverseness Clauses of Cause Clauses of Result Clauses of Purpose Clauses of Similarity Clauses of Commentary Clauses of Condition The Structure of Complementizers The Second Subjunctive Subjunctive Verb Forms in Other Adverbial Clauses If I Were or If I Was? 15 RELATIVE CLAUSES Restrictive versus Non-Restrictive Relative Clauses Restrictive Relative Clauses Who and That as Subjects and Direct Objects Ø-Relative Relative Pronouns as Object of the Preposition Pied-Piping versus Preposition Stranding Non-Restrictive Relative Clauses Relative Determiner Whose A Recap of Relative Pronoun Usage 16 NOUN CLAUSES Type I Noun Clauses Type II Noun Clauses Type III Noun Clauses Reported Speech and Tense Shifting 17 INFINITIVE AND PARTICIPLE PHRASES Infinitives Forms of the Infinitive Forms of the Participle The Phrase-Clause Boundary Participle Phrases and Gerunds The Participle-Noun Continuum Complements and Adjuncts in Infinitive and Participle Phrases Compound Infinitives and Participles Infinitives and Participles in Modifying Functions Adverbial Function of Infinitives and Participles A Final Note on Form-Function Trees 18 GRAMMAR MYTHS Grammar Myth #1: Don''t End a Sentence with a Preposition Grammar Myth #2: Don''t Start a Sentence with a Conjunction Grammar Myth #3: People Who Don''t Speak Correctly Are Lazy Grammar Myth #4: People Who Don''t Speak Correctly Are Stupid Grammar Myth #5: Don''t Use the Passive Grammar Myth #6: Singular They Is Wrong Grammar Myth #7: Use of Singular They Achieves Gender "Neutrality" Grammar Myth #8: Two Negatives Make a Positive Grammar Myth #9: People Used Better Language in the Past Grammar Myth #10: Don''t Split Infinitives Grammar Myth #11: Ain''t Ain''t a Word APPENDIX A: PREPOSITIONS Single-Word Prepositions Multi-Word Prepositions APPENDIX B: LIST OF PHRASAL VERBS Index.