Preface Acknowledgements Nomenclature Chapter 1 Execution of Chemical Process Projects 1.1 The Process Design Problem 1.2 Continuous and Batch Processes 1.3 New Design and Retrofit 1.4 Hazard Management in Process Design 1.5 Project Phases 1.6 Chemical Process Projects - Summary References Chapter 2 Process Economics 2.1 Capital Cost Estimates 2.

2 Class 5 Capital Cost Estimates 2.3 Class 4 Capital Cost Estimates 2.4 Class 3 to Class 1 Capital Cost Estimates 2.5 Capital Cost for Retrofit 2.6 Annulalized Capital Cost 2.7 Operating Cost 2.8 Economic Evaluation 2.9 Investment Criteria 2.

10 Process Economics - Summary 2.11 Exercises References Chapter 3 Development of Process Design Concepts 3.1 Formulation of Design Problems 3.2 Evaluation of Design Performance 3.3 Optimization of Performance 3.4 Approaches to the Development of Design Concepts 3.5 Screening of Design Options 3.6 Influencing the Design as the Project Progresses 3.

7 Development of Process Design Concepts - Summary References Chapter 4 Heating Utilities 4.1 Process Heating and Cooling 4.2 Steam Heating 4.3 Water Treatment for Steam Generation 4.4 Steam Generation from the Combustion of Fuels 4.5 Steam Generation from Electrical Energy 4.6 Gas Turbines 4.7 Steam Turbines 4.

8 Steam Distribution 4.9 Steam Heating Limits 4.10 Fired Heaters 4.11 Other Heat Carriers 4.12 Heating Utilities - Summary 4.13 Exercises References Chapter 5 Cooling Utilities 5.1 Waste Heat Steam Generation 5.2 Once Through Cooling Water Systems 5.

3 Recirculating Cooling Water Systems 5.4 Air Coolers 5.5 Refrigeration 5.6 Choice of Single Component Refrigerant for Compression Refrigeration 5.7 Mixed Refrigerants for Compression Refrigeration 5.8 Absorption Refrigeration 5.9 Indirect Refrigeration 5.10 Cooling Utilities - Summary 5.

11 Exercises References Chapter 6 Waste Treatment 6.1 Aqueous Emissions 6.2 Primary Wastewater Treatment Processes 6.3 Biological Wastewater Treatment Processes 6.4 Tertiary Wastewater Treatment Processes 6.5 Atmospheric Emissions 6.6 Treatment of Solid Particulate Emissions to Atmosphere 6.7 Treatment of VOC Emissions to Atmosphere 6.

8 Treatment of Sulfur Emissions to Atmosphere 6.9 Treatment of Oxides of Nitrogen Emissions to Atmosphere 6.10 Treatment of Combustion Emissions to Atmosphere 6.11 Atmospheric Dispersion 6.12 Waste Treatment - Summary 6.13 Exercises References Chapter 7 Reliability, Maintainability and Availability Concepts 7.1 Reliability, Maintainability and Availability 7.2 Reliability 7.

3 Repairable and Non-repairable Systems 7.4 Reliability Data 7.5 Maintainability 7.6 Availability 7.7 Process Shutdown for Maintenance 7.8 Reliability, Maintainability and Availability - Summary 7.9 Exercises References Chapter 8 Reliability, Maintainability and Availability of Process Systems 8.1 System Representation 8.

2 Reliability of Series Systems 8.3 Reliability of Parallel Systems 8.4 Availability of Parallel Systems 8.5 Availability of Series Systems 8.6 Redundancy 8.7 k-out-of-n Systems 8.8 Common Mode Failure 8.9 Capacity 8.

10 Reliability, Availability and Capacity 8.11 Monte Carlo Simulation 8.12 Reliability, Maintainability and Availability of Process Systems - Summary 8.13 Exercises References Chapter 9 Storage Tanks 9.1 Feed, Intermediate and Product Storage 9.2 Intermediate (Buffer) Storage and Process Availability 9.3 Optimization of Intermediate Storage 9.4 Storage Tanks - Summary 9.

5 Exercises References Chapter 10 Process Control Concepts 10.1 Control Objectives 10.2 The Control Loop 10.3 Measurement 10.4 Control Signals 10.5 The Controller 10.6 Final Control Element 10.7 Feedback Control 10.

8 Cascade Control 10.9 Split Range Control 10.10 Limit and Selector 10.11 Feedforward Control 10.12 Ratio Control 10.13 Computer Control Systems 10.14 Digital Control 10.15 Safety Instrumented Systems 10.

16 Alarms and Trips 10.17 Representation of Control Systems 10.18 Process Control Concepts - Summary 10.19 Exercises References Chapter 11 Process Control - Flowrate and Inventory Control 11.1 Flowrate Control 11.2 Inventory Control of Individual Operations 11.3 Inventory Control of Series Systems 11.4 Inventory Control of Recycle Systems 11.

5 Flowrate and Inventory Control - Summary 11.6 Exercises References Chapter 12 Process Control - Degrees of Freedom 12.1 Degrees of Freedom and Process Control 12.2 Control Degrees of Freedom for Individual Operations 12.3 Individual Single Phase Operations 12.4 Heat Transfer Operations With No Phase Change 12.5 Pumps and Compressors 12.6 Equilibrated Multiphase Operations 12.

7 Control Degrees of Freedom for Overall Processes 12.8 Degrees of Freedom - Summary 12.9 Exercises References Chapter 13 Process Control - Control of Process Operations 13.1 Pump Control 13.2 Compressor Control 13.3 Heat Exchanger Control 13.4 Furnace Control 13.5 Flash Drum Control 13.

6 Absorber and Stripper Control 13.7 Distillation Control 13.8 Reactor Control 13.9 Control of Process Operations - Summary 13.10 Exercises References Chapter 14 Process Control - Overall Process Control 14.1 Illustrative Example of Overall Process Control Systems 14.2 Synthesis of Overall Process Control Schemes 14.3 Procedure for the Synthesis of Overall Process Control Schemes 14.

4 Evolution of the Control Design 14.5 Process Dynamics 14.6 Overall Process Control - Summary 14.7 Exercises References Chapter 15 Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams - Piping and Pressure Relief 15.1 Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams 15.2 Piping Systems 15.3 Pressure Relief 15.4 Relief Device Arrangements 15.

5 Reliability of Pressure Relief Devices 15.6 Location of Relief Devices 15.7 P&ID Piping and Pressure Relief - Summary 15.8 Exercises References Chapter 16 Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams - Process Operations 16.1 Pumps 16.2 Compressors 16.3 Heat Exchangers 16.4 Distillation 16.

5 Liquid Storage 16.6 P&ID Process Operations - Summary 16.7 Exercises References Chapter 17 Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams - Construction 17.1 Development of Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams 17.2 A Case Study 17.3 P&ID Construction - Summary References Chapter 18 Materials of Construction 18.1 Mechanical Properties 18.2 Corrosion 18.

3 Corrosion Allowance 18.4 Commonly Used Materials of Construction 18.5 Criteria for Selection of Materials of Construction 18.6 Materials of Construction - Summary References Chapter 19 Mechanical Design 19.1 Stress, Strain and Deformation 19.2 Combined Stresses 19.3 Spherical Vessels Under Internal Pressure 19.4 Cylindrical Vessels Under Internal Pressure 19.

5 Design of Heads for Cylindrical Vessels Under Internal Pressure 19.6 Design of Vertical Cylindrical Pressure Vessels Under Internal Pressure 19.7 Design of Horizontal Cylindrical Pressure Vessels Under Internal Pressure 19.8 Buckling of Cylindrical Vessels Due to External Pressure and Axial Compression 19.9 Welded and Bolted Joints 19.10 Opening Reinforcements 19.11 Vessel Supports 19.12 Design of Flat-bottomed Cylindrical Vessels 19.

13 Shell-and-tube Heat Exchangers 19.14 Mechanical Design -- Summary 19.15 Exercises References Chapter 20 Process Plant Layout - Site Layout 20.1 Site, Process and Equipment Layout 20.2 Separation Distances 20.3 Separation for Vapor Cloud Explosions 20.4 Separation for Toxic Emissions 20.5 Site Access 20.

6 Site Topology, Groundwater and Drainage 20.7 Geotechnical Engineering 20.8 Atmospheric Discharges 20.9 Wind Direction 20.10 Utilities 20.11 Process Units 20.12 Control Room 20.13 Ancillary Buildings 20.

14 Pipe Racks 20.15 Constraints on Site Layout 20.16 The Final Site Layout 20.17 Site Layout − Summary References Chapter 21 Process Plant Layout - Process Layout 21.1 Process Access 21.2 Process Structures 21.3 Hazards 21.4 Preliminary Process Layout 21.

5 Example - Preliminary Process Layout 21.6 Process Layout - Summary 21.7 Exercises References Appendix A - Weibull Reliability Function Appendix B - MTTF for the Weibull Distribution Appendix C - Reliability of Cold Standby Systems Appendix D - Corrosion Resistance Table Appendix E - Moment of Inertia and Bending Stress for Common Beam Cross Sections E.1 Solid Rectangular Cross Section E.2 Hollow Rectangular Cross Section F.3 Solid Circular.