ContentsList of contributors viiiList of abbreviations xiIntroduction to the Research Handbook on European Anti-Discrimination Law xivColm O'Cinneide, Julie Ringelheim and Iyiola SolankePART I SOURCES AND LEGAL CONTEXTS1 Sources of anti-discrimination law 2Marie Spinoy and Jogchum Vrielink2 Approaches to non-discrimination: Comparing the European Court of Human Rights and the Court of Justice of the European Union 28Janneke Gerards3 The European Social Charter and EU anti-discrimination law 45Karin Lukas4 The EU Charter and anti-discrimination law 64Bruno De Witte5 Free movement, prohibition of nationality discrimination and EU anti-discrimination law 81Sophie Robin-Olivier6 Migration, asylum and EU anti-discrimination law 96Janine SilgaPART II BASIC CONCEPTS7 The concept of direct discrimination in European anti-discrimination law: Theory, practice and limits 123Raphaële Xenidis8 The concept of indirect discrimination 148Mark Bell9 The concept of harassment 167Karon Monaghan10 The concept of positive action 187Kimberly A. Liu11 Reasonable accommodation law in Europe: Where now and where next? 209Anna Lawson12 Intersectional discrimination as an epistemic injustice 229Iyiola SolankePART III SUSPECT GROUNDS13 The protected ground of sex 252Barbara Havelková14 Race and ethnicity as protected grounds 272Cengiz Barskanmaz15 The protected ground of religion and belief: Emerging trends 292Lucy Vickers16 Sexual orientation: The development of European case-law 311Emmanuelle Bribosia and Isabelle Rorive, with Robin Médard Inghilterra17 Emerging trends in disability anti-discrimination law in Europe 335Andrea Broderick and Lisa Waddington18 The ambivalent treatment of age discrimination: A sign of balance or resistance? 355Marie Mercat-Bruns19 'Gender identity' in European anti-discrimination law: A need to go beyond a binary construction of sex/gender 378Pieter Cannoot and Sarah GantyPART IV INSTITUTIONS AND REMEDIES20 Equality bodies in the EU: Origins, challenges and future prospects 398Sara Benedi Lahuerta21 Civil enforcement of anti-discrimination legislation: Some perspectives on locus standi, evidence and remedies 417Sébastien De Rey and Petra FoubertPART V CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES AND EMERGING DEVELOPMENTS22 Anti-discrimination law and economic inequalities 434Julie Ringelheim and Sarah Ganty23 Environmental discrimination: Concepts and case law 461Axel Gosseries and Refia Kaya24 The puzzle of algorithmic discrimination in European equality law: Putting together some practical, legal and conceptual pieces 482Birte Böök and Linda Senden25 Criminal law and discrimination in Europe: Towards critical race theory approaches? 510Eddie Bruce-JonesIndex 531.