About the Authors xvii How Was This Book Born? xix Preface xxi Acknowledgments xxv 1 Overview 1 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Elements of an Energy System 4 1.3 Fundamental Concepts 7 1.3.1 Work, Energy, and Power 7 1.3.2 Energy Conservation and Transformation 10 1.

4 Energy Statistics 11 1.5 Primary Sources 12 1.5.1 Renewable Sources 13 1.5.2 Non-renewable Sources 14 1.6 Secondary Sources 15 1.6.

1 Processed Fuels 15 1.6.1.1 Solid Fuels 16 1.6.1.2 Liquid Fuels 16 1.6.

1.3 Gaseous Fuels 16 1.6.2 Electric Power 17 1.7 Energy Carriers 18 1.7.1 Electric Transmission 18 1.7.

2 Steam 18 1.7.3 Water, Air, and Heat Transfer Fluids 19 1.7.4 Hydrogen 19 1.8 End Use of Energy 19 1.8.1 Consumption by Sectors 19 1.

8.2 Primary Sources Consumed by End-users 21 1.9 Energy Balance 23 1.10 Energy Indicators 24 1.11 Energy and Society 29 1.11.1 Energy Sector 29 1.11.

2 Geopolitical Challenges 31 1.12 Energy Engineering 32 1.13 Chapter Review 32 Further Reading 36 References 36 2 Energy Conversion and Storage 37 2.1 Introduction 38 2.2 Work, Energy, and Power 38 2.2.1 Work 39 2.2.

2 Energy 39 2.2.3 Power 39 2.3 Conservation Laws 40 2.3.1 Conservation of Mass 41 2.3.2 Conservation of Momentum 41 2.

3.3 Conservation of Energy 41 2.3.4 Equivalence of Energy and Mass 42 2.4 Transformation Between Energy Forms 42 2.5 Thermal Energy 44 2.5.1 Temperature and Phase Changes 45 2.

5.2 Production of Heat 47 2.5.2.1 Combustion 47 2.5.2.2 Nuclear Reactions 49 2.

5.2.3 Electric Heating 49 2.5.3 Heat Transfer 50 2.5.3.1 Conduction 50 2.

5.3.2 Convection 51 2.5.3.3 Radiation 51 2.5.4 Thermodynamics 51 2.

6 Mechanical Energy 52 2.6.1 Potential Energy 52 2.6.2 Kinetic Energy 52 2.6.3 Potential and Kinetic Energy Exchanges 53 2.6.

4 Mechanical Power 54 2.6.5 Mechanical Energy Balance in Incompressible Fluids 54 2.7 Electrical Energy 55 2.7.1 Voltage and Current 56 2.7.2 Electric Power and Energy 56 2.

8 Electromechanical Energy Conversion 58 2.9 Photothermal Energy Conversion 59 2.10 Photovoltaic Energy Conversion 60 2.11 Electrochemical Energy Conversion 61 2.11.1 Batteries 61 2.11.2 Fuel Cells 62 2.

12 Energy Storage 65 2.12.1 Fuel Storage 66 2.12.2 Potential Energy Storage 67 2.12.3 Kinetic Energy Storage 68 2.12.

4 Thermal Energy Storage 69 2.12.5 Compressed Air Storage 71 2.12.6 Hydrogen for Energy Storage 71 2.12.7 Electrical Energy Storage 72 2.12.

8 Properties of Energy Storage Systems 73 2.13 Chapter Review 74 Review Quiz 76 References 78 3 Fossil Fuels 81 3.1 Introduction 82 3.2 Resources and Reserves 83 3.3 Physical Properties of Fossil Fuels 85 3.4 Coal 86 3.4.1 Properties of Coal 87 3.

4.2 Coal Reserves 89 3.4.3 Coal Mining 89 3.4.3.1 Underground (Deep) Mining 90 3.4.

3.2 Surface (Opencast) Mining 91 3.4.4 Preparation, Handling, and Transportation 91 3.4.5 Coal Production and Consumption 92 3.4.6 Transportation of Coal 93 3.

4.7 Environmental Impacts of Coal Production 93 3.4.8 Coal Related Issues 95 3.4.9 Environmental Impacts of Coal Consumption 96 3.5 Petroleum 97 3.5.

1 Types of Petroleum Formations 98 3.5.2 Properties of Crude Oil 99 3.5.3 World Oil Resources 101 3.5.4 Oil Exploration 103 3.5.

5 Well Drilling Techniques 104 3.5.5.1 Planning 104 3.5.5.2 Vertical Drilling 105 3.5.

5.3 Directional Drilling 105 3.5.5.4 Hydraulic Fracturing 106 3.5.5.5 Offshore and Deep Water Drilling 107 3.

5.6 Recovery of Conventional Oil Deposits 108 3.5.6.1 Light Tight Oil Recovery 108 3.5.6.2 Sand Oil Recovery 110 3.

5.7 Crude Oil Production 114 3.5.8 Fuel Conversions 115 3.5.9 Oil Transportation and Distribution 117 3.5.10 Challenges of the Petroleum Industry 117 3.

5.10.1 Oil Well Tragedies 117 3.5.10.2 Oil Transport Hazards 118 3.6 Natural Gas 120 3.6.

1 Purification and Processing of Natural-Gas 121 3.6.2 Natural Gas Resources and Reserves 123 3.6.3 Unconventional Natural Gas 123 3.6.4 Natural Gas Transportation 125 3.6.

5 Storage of Natural Gas 126 3.6.6 Natural Gas Consumption 127 3.6.7 Environmental Impacts of Natural Gas Consumption 128 3.7 Chapter Review 129 Review Quiz 130 Research Topics and Problems 133 Recommended Web Sites 135 References 135 4 Nuclear Energy 139 4.1 Introduction 140 4.2 Basic Concepts of Nuclear Physics 141 4.

2.1 Basic Definitions 142 4.2.2 Binding Energy and Mass Defect 143 4.3 Nuclear Reactions 145 4.3.1 Fusion Reaction 145 4.3.

2 Fission Reaction 146 4.3.3 Radioactive Decay 149 4.3.4 Health Effects of Nuclear Radiation 151 4.4 Nuclear Fuels 153 4.4.1 Resources, Reserves, Production, and Consumption 153 4.

4.2 Nuclear Fuel Cycle 155 4.4.2.1 Fuel Preparation 155 4.4.2.2 Uranium Enrichment 155 4.

4.2.3 Nuclear Fuel Assembly 156 4.4.2.4 Critical Mass for Sustained Chain Reaction 156 4.4.2.

5 Disposal of Used Nuclear Material 157 4.5 Nuclear Reactors 157 4.5.1 Reactor Core 159 4.5.2 Fuel Assembly 160 4.5.3 Moderator 160 4.

5.4 Control Rods 161 4.5.5 Cooling System 161 4.5.6 Reactor Types 162 4.5.6.

1 Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) 162 4.5.6.2 Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) 163 4.5.6.3 Pressurized Heavy-Water Reactor (PHWR) 164 4.5.

6.4 Gas Cooled Reactor (GCR) 165 4.5.6.5 Light Water-Cooled Graphite Reactor (LWGR) 165 4.5.6.6 Sodium Cooled Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR) 165 4.

6 Safety of Nuclear Power Plants 166 4.6.1 Nuclear Safety Concepts 167 4.6.2 Reactor Protection Systems 168 4.6.3 Major Nuclear Power Plant Accidents 168 4.6.

3.1 Three Mile Island Accident 169 4.6.3.2 Chernobyl Nuclear Accident 170 4.6.3.3 Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Accident 171 4.

6.4 Consequences of Nuclear Accidents 171 4.7 Status of Commercial Nuclear Power 173 4.8 Outlook for Commercial Reactors 178 4.9 Benefits and Challenges of Nuclear Power Plants 179 4.10 Chapter Review 182 References 187 5 Renewable Energy Sources 189 5.1 Introduction 190 5.2 Common Features of Renewables 191 5.

3 Energy Supply from Renewable Sources 193 5.3.1 Installed Renewable Power Capacity 193 5.3.2 Capacity Factor 197 5.4 Renewable Resource Potential 197 5.4.1 Assessment of Non-combustible Resources 198 5.

4.2 Assessment of Biomass Resources 198 5.5 Benefits and Challenges of Renewable Energy 199 5.6 Solar Energy 203 5.6.1 Solar Resource Potential 203 5.6.2 End-use of Solar Energy 204 5.

6.2.1 Passive Solar Buildings 207 5.6.2.2 Heat Production 207 5.6.2.

3 Solar Electric Generation 208 5.6.3 Strengths and Challenges of Solar Energy 208 5.7 Wind Energy 209 5.7.1 Electric Generation Potential of Wind Resource 210 5.7.2 Strengths and Challenges of Wind Energy 213 5.

7.3 Environmental Impacts of Wind Powered Generation 214 5.7.3.1 Visual Impact 214 5.7.3.2 Impacts on Wildlife 215 5.

7.3.3 Audible Noise 215 5.8 Hydraulic Energy 215 5.8.1 Hydroelectric Potential 216 5.8.2 Strengths and Challenges of Hydroelectric Generation 217 5.

9 Geothermal Energy 221 5.9.1 Sources of Geothermal Energy 222 5.9.2 Geothermal Energy Potential 223 5.9.3 End-uses of Geothermal Energy 223 5.9.

3.1 Geothermal Heating 224 5.9.3.2 Geothermal Power Generation 225 5.9.4 Strengths and Challenges of Geothermal Energy 228 5.10 Biomass Energy 229 5.

10.1 Biomass Sources 229 5.10.2 Energy Potential of Biomass Resources 232 5.10.3 Bioenergy Conversion Technologies 233 5.10.3.

1 Thermochemical Conversion 234 5.10.3.2 Physicochemical Conversion 234 5.10.3.3 Biological Conversion 234 5.10.

4 Strengths and Challenges of Bioenergy 235 5.11 Future Trend of Renewable Energy Development 236 5.12 Chapter Review 237 5.13 Review Quiz 239 References 243 6 Electric Energy Systems 245 6.1 Introduction 246 6.2 Evolution of Electric Power Systems 246 6.2.1 Early Electrification Systems 248 6.

2.2 Development of Transmission Options for Growing Needs 250 6.2.3 Interconnected Grid 252 6.3 Fundamental Concepts of Electric Circuit Analysis 254 6.3.1 Basic Definitions 254 6.3.

2 Fundamental Laws 255 6.3.3 DC Circuits 256 6.3.4 AC Circuits 257 6.3.4.1 Fundamental Concepts and Definitions 257 6.

3.4.2 Phasor Quantities 258 6.3.5 Three Phase Electric System 260 6.3.6 Per-Phase Analysis 263 6.4 AC Power 263 6.

4.1 Power in Single-Phase Circuits 263 6.4.2 Power Factor Considerations 265 6.4.3 Power in Three-Phase Systems 267 6.5 Electromagnetic Field 268 6.5.

1 Ampere''s Law 268 6.5.2 Magnetic Flux 268 6.5.3 Magnetic Properties of Substances 269 6.5.4 Magnetic Circuits 270 6.5.

5 Farada.