WATER CHILLERS: FUNDAMENTALS, APPLICATION, AND OPERATION CHILLER FUNDAMENTALS Refrigeration Machines Vapor Compression Refrigeration Absorption Refrigeration Vapor Compression Cycle Water Chillers Absorption Chillers Chilled Water for HVAC Applications Chiller Configurations The Single Chiller System Multichiller Systems System Peak Cooling Load and Load Profile Selecting Water Chillers Mixed Energy Source Chiller Systems CHILLER DESIGN AND APPLICATION Chilled Water System Elements Chiller Placement and Installation Chilled Water Piping Pump Selection and Piping Chilled Water System Control and Performance Start-Up Control Capacity Control Variable Flow Pumping Control Cooling Thermal Energy Storage Economics of Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Available Technologies Application of TES Special Chiller Considerations Noise and Vibration Electrical Service Chiller Heat Recovery CHILLER OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE Chiller Operation and Maintenance Chiller Commissioning Chiller Maintenance Chiller Performance Troubleshooting Refrigerant Management Program Buying a Chiller Defining Chiller Performance Requirements Economic Evaluation of Chiller Systems Procurement Specifications COOLING TOWERS: FUNDAMENTALS, APPLICATION, AND OPERATION COOLING TOWER FUNDAMENTALS Cooling Tower Fundamentals Cooling Towers in HVAC Systems Condenser Water System Elements Nomenclature Cooling Tower Heat Transfer Cooling Tower Performance Factors Basic Cooling Tower Configuration Cooling Tower Components Fill Structural Frame Casing Wet Decks/Water Distribution Basins Intake Louvers and Drift Eliminators Fans, Motors, and Drives COOLING TOWER DESIGN AND APPLICATION Tower Configuration and Application Types of Cooling Towers Capacity and Performance Parameters Chiller/Cooling Tower Configuration Tower Placement and Installation Cooling Tower Piping Pump Selection, Placement, and Piping Evaporative Condensers and Coolers Cooling Tower Controls Start/Stop Control Capacity Control Makeup Water Control Operating Safety Controls Condenser Water Treatment Deposition Control Corrosion Control Biological Fouling Control Water Treatment Control Systems Alternative Water Treatment Methods Treatment for Wooden Towers Chemical Storage and Safety Special Tower Considerations Basin and Outdoor Piping Freeze Protection Waterside Economizer Cycle Noise and Vibration Plume Control Fire Protection LegionellaControl COOLING TOWER OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE Cooling Tower Operation and Maintenance Tower Commissioning Cooling Tower Maintenance Tower Performance Troubleshooting Enhancing Tower Performance Cooling Towers in Freezing Climates Buying a Cooling Tower Defining Tower Performance Requirements CTI Ratings and Performance Guarantees Economic Evaluation of Alternative Cooling Tower Systems Procurement Specifications Water Treatment Program Contracting In SituTower Performance Testing Why In SituTesting? Testing Criteria and Methods Tower Installation Requirements for Testing Appendix A: Design Ambient Wet Bulb Temperatures Appendix B1: Centrifugal Compressor Water Chillers Appendix B2: Scroll Compressor Water Chillers Appendix B3: Rotary Screw Compressor Water Chillers Appendix B4: Induced Draft Cooling Towers Appendix B5: Closed-Circuit Liquid Coolers Appendix C: References and Resources Index d Performance Start-Up Control Capacity Control Variable Flow Pumping Control Cooling Thermal Energy Storage Economics of Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Available Technologies Application of TES Special Chiller Considerations Noise and Vibration Electrical Service Chiller Heat Recovery CHILLER OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE Chiller Operation and Maintenance Chiller Commissioning Chiller Maintenance Chiller Performance Troubleshooting Refrigerant Management Program Buying a Chiller Defining Chiller Performance Requirements Economic Evaluation of Chiller Systems Procurement Specifications COOLING TOWERS: FUNDAMENTALS, APPLICATION, AND OPERATION COOLING TOWER FUNDAMENTALS Cooling Tower Fundamentals Cooling Towers in HVAC Systems Condenser Water System Elements Nomenclature Cooling Tower Heat Transfer Cooling Tower Performance Factors Basic Cooling Tower Configuration Cooling Tower Components Fill Structural Frame Casing Wet Decks/Water Distribution Basins Intake Louvers and Drift Eliminators Fans, Motors, and Drives COOLING TOWER DESIGN AND APPLICATION Tower Configuration and Application Types of Cooling Towers Capacity and Performance Parameters Chiller/Cooling Tower Configuration Tower Placement and Installation Cooling Tower Piping Pump Selection, Placement, and Piping Evaporative Condensers and Coolers Cooling Tower Controls Start/Stop Control Capacity Control Makeup Water Control Operating Safety Controls Condenser Water Treatment Deposition Control Corrosion Control Biological Fouling Control Water Treatment Control Systems Alternative Water Treatment Methods Treatment for Wooden Towers Chemical Storage and Safety Special Tower Considerations Basin and Outdoor Piping Freeze Protection Waterside Economizer Cycle Noise and Vibration Plume Control Fire Protection LegionellaControl COOLING TOWER OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE Cooling Tower Operation and Maintenance Tower Commissioning Cooling Tower Maintenance Tower Performance Troubleshooting Enhancing Tower Performance Cooling Towers in Freezing Climates Buying a Cooling Tower Defining Tower Performance Requirements CTI Ratings and Performance Guarantees Economic Evaluation of Alternative Cooling Tower Systems Procurement Specifications Water Treatment Program Contracting In SituTower Performance Testing Why In SituTesting? Testing Criteria and Methods Tower Installation Requirements for Testing Appendix A: Design Ambient Wet Bulb Temperatures Appendix B1: Centrifugal Compressor Water Chillers Appendix B2: Scroll Compressor Water Chillers Appendix B3: Rotary Screw Compressor Water Chillers Appendix B4: Induced Draft Cooling Towers Appendix B5: Closed-Circuit Liquid Coolers Appendix C: References and Resources Index Procurement Specifications COOLING TOWERS: FUNDAMENTALS, APPLICATION, AND OPERATION COOLING TOWER FUNDAMENTALS Cooling Tower Fundamentals Cooling Towers in HVAC Systems Condenser Water System Elements Nomenclature Cooling Tower Heat Transfer Cooling Tower Performance Factors Basic Cooling Tower Configuration Cooling Tower Components Fill Structural Frame Casing Wet Decks/Water Distribution Basins Intake Louvers and Drift Eliminators Fans, Motors, and Drives COOLING TOWER DESIGN AND APPLICATION Tower Configuration and Application Types of Cooling Towers Capacity and Performance Parameters Chiller/Cooling Tower Configuration Tower Placement and Installation Cooling Tower Piping Pump Selection, Placement, and Piping Evaporative Condensers and Coolers Cooling Tower Controls Start/Stop Control Capacity Control Makeup Water Control Operating Safety Controls Condenser Water Treatment Deposition Control Corrosion Control Biological Fouling Control Water Treatment Control Systems Alternative Water Treatment Methods Treatment for Wooden Towers Chemical Storage and Safety Special Tower Considerations Basin and Outdoor Piping Freeze Protection Waterside Economizer Cycle Noise and Vibration Plume Control Fire Protection LegionellaControl COOLING TOWER OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE Cooling Tower Operation and Maintenance Tower Commissioning Cooling Tower Maintenance Tower Performance Troubleshooting Enhancing Tower Performance Cooling Towers in Freezing Climates Buying a Cooling Tower Defining Tower Performance Requirements CTI Ratings and Performance Guarantees Economic Evaluation of Alternative Cooling Tower Systems Procurement Specifications Water Treatment Program Contracting In SituTower Performance Testing Why In SituTesting? Testing Criteria and Methods Tower Installation Requirements for Testing Appendix A: Design Ambient Wet Bulb Temperatures Appendix B1: Centrifugal Compressor Water Chillers Appendix B2: Scroll Compressor Water Chillers Appendix B3: Rotary Screw Compressor Water Chillers Appendix B4: Induced Draft Cooling Towers Appendix B5: Closed-Circuit Liquid Coolers Appendix C: References and Resources Index Parameters Chiller/Cooling Tower Configuration Tower Placement and Installation Cooling Tower Piping Pump Selection, Pl.