Acknowledgments Note to Teachers Introduction Part I. Concepts Chapter 1. Health 1.1 Summary 1.2 Neutralism and Naturalism 1.3 Well-Being and Normativism 1.4 Objectivism and Subjectivism Further Reading and Discussion Questions Chapter 2. Disease 2.

1 Summary 2.2 Naturalism 2.3 Normativism 2.4 Hybridism 2.5 Eliminativism 2.6 Phenomenology Further Reading and Discussion Questions Chapter 3. Death 3.1 Summary 3.

2 Defining Death 3.3 The Badness of Death 3.4 Ethics of Killing Further Reading and Discussion Questions Part II. Models and Kinds Chapter 4. Causation and Kinds 4.1 Summary 4.2 Three Theories of Causation 4.3 Diseases: Monocausal or Multifactorial? 4.

4 Nosology 4.5 Precision Medicine Further Reading and Discussion Questions Chapter 5. Holism and Reductionism 5.1 Summary 5.2 Disease 5.3 Medical Interventions 5.4 Patient-Physician Relationship Further Reading and Discussion Questions Chapter 6. Controversial Diseases 6.

1 Summary 6.2 Medicalization 6.3 Psychiatric Diseases 6.4 Culture-Bound Syndromes 6.5 Addiction Further Reading and Discussion Questions Part III. Evidence and Inference Chapter 7. Evidence in Medicine 7.1 Summary 7.

2 Phases of Medical Research 7.3 Bias 7.4 Animal Models 7.5 Randomization 7.6 Meta-analysis 7.7 Mechanisms Further Reading and Discussion Questions Chapter 8. Objectivity and the Social Structure of Science 8.1 Summary 8.

2 Industry Funding and Publication Bias 8.3 Demarcation 8.4 Value-Laden Science 8.5 Social Epistemology Chapter 9. Inference 9.1 Summary 9.2 Causal Inference 9.3 Extrapolation 9.

4 Measuring Effectiveness 9.5 Theories of Statistical Inference 9.6 Testing Precision Medicine Further Reading and Discussion Questions Chapter 10. Effectiveness, Skepticism, and Alternatives 10.1 Summary 10.2 Defining Effectiveness 10.3 Medical Nihilism 10.4 Alternative Medicine 10.

5 Placebo Further Reading and Discussion Questions Chapter 11. Diagnosis and Screening 11.1 Summary 11.2 Diagnosis 11.3 Logic of Diagnostic Tests 11.4 Screening Further Reading and Discussion Questions Part IV. Values and Policy Chapter 12. Psychiatry: Care or Control? 12.

1 Summary 12.2 Psychiatric Nosology 12.3 Anti-psychiatry 12.4 Delusions and Exclusions Further Reading and Discussion Questions Chapter 13. Policy 13.1 Summary 13.2 Research Priorities 13.3 Intellectual Property 13.

4 Standards for Regulation Further Reading and Discussion Questions Chapter 14. Public Health 14.1 Summary 14.2 Social Epidemiology 14.3 Preventive Medicine 14.4 Health Inequalities Further Reading and Discussion Question References Index.