1. Apply, Ingest, Inject and Regret: Introduction to Performance and Image Enhancing Substances Introduction - Overview of the Book Summary of Key Points Understanding PIEDS Life-courses Gateways to Use Transitions between Substances Conclusion 2. Power, Pleasure, Fat and Fit: Dietary and Nutritional Supplements as PIEDS Introduction What are Dietary and Nutritional Supplements? Patterns of DNS Use Motives for Use Influences on Use Concerns about Use Conclusion 3. Use, Abuse, Patterns and Profiles: Scale and Scope of PIEDS use in Sport Introduction Prevalence of Drug Use in Sport and the Community Anecdotal Accounts of Use Results of Drug Testing Regimes Surveys of Reported Drug Use Community Surveys Player and Athlete Surveys Surveys of Students In-depth Qualitative Research using Player and Athlete Interviews Conclusion 4. Channels, Choices, Causes and Codes: The Impact of Culture, Values, and Ethnicity Introduction Determinants of PIEDS Use and Intervention Approaches Contextual Influences on Athlete Attitudes and Use of PIEDS Personality and Identity People of Influence Early Sporting Experiences Commercial Pressures Sporting Culture Attitudes to Substance Use in Sport PIEDS Interventions in Community and Non-Elite Sport Intervention Studies Conclusion 5. Thoughts, Functions, Brains and Boosters: Cognitive Enhancers as PIEDS Introduction Common Types and Use of Cognitive Enhancers Impact and Ethics of Cognitive Enhancement Cognitive Enhancement in Sport Challenges for Athletes Usage Conclusion 6. Protein, Prohormones, Steroids and Stimulants: Performance and Image Enhancing Drugs and Substances Typology of Classes Introduction Dietary & Nutritional Supplements Human Enhancement Performance Enhancing Drugs And Substances Conclusion 7. Givens, Gaps, Confidences and Cautions: Conclusion Introduction ¿ A Growth Industry Summary of Key Points Conclusion Endnotes.