Preface xi PART ONE: INTRODUCTION CHAPTER ONE The Dance of Racism: Perpetrators, Targets, Bystanders, and White Allies 3 Challenge, Change, and Transformation: The Racial Revolution 5 The Rise of Whiteness and White Supremacy 6 Addressing Racism 9 Critical Consciousness 10 Self-Reckoning 16 Anti-Racism (Words and Deeds) 19 The Dance of Racism 25 The Dance Metaphor 25 Final Words 28 References 29 PART TWO: THE DANCERS CHAPTER TWO Barriers to Perpetrator Awareness and Reparative Action 37 Overcoming Perpetrator Unawareness 39 Cognitive Barriers 40 Affective/Emotional Barriers 50 Behavioral Barriers 58 When Perpetrators Are Called Out 61 Strategies For Perpetrators To Break The Deadly Dance Of Racism 63 Conclusion 66 References 66 CHAPTER THREE Target Survival and Resilience: Overcoming Racism 73 The Prevalence of Racism Experienced by Targets: Who Are People of Color? 74 Discrimination Against African Americans 75 Discrimination Against Asian Americans 77 Discrimination Against Latinx (Hispanic) Americans 79 Discrimination Against Native Americans 81 Discrimination Against American Arab, Middle Eastern, and North African (AMENA) 83 Impact of Racism on People of Color 85 Microaggressive Harm to People of Color 86 Macroaggressive Harm to People of Color 87 The Consequences of Racial Trauma 89 Target Survival and Coping 93 Consciousness Raising 94 Self-Care Coping 95 Empowering for Action 98 References 100 CHAPTER FOUR Barriers to White Bystander Awareness and Anti-Racist Action 107 Forces Shaping Bystander Inaction or Action 108 The Bystander Effect: Silence and Inaction 109 Diffusion of Responsibility 110 Social Proof 111 Evaluation Apprehension 112 Costs/Benefits Explanation 113 Similarities and Relationships 114 The Racialization of Bystander Interventions 118 Conformity and Obedience to Authority 119 Isolation, Group Loyalty, Power, Secrecy, and Racism: Societal Implications 124 Everyday Racism and Microaggressions: Impact on Bystanders 128 Conclusions 136 References 137 CHAPTER FIVE Barriers to Ally Awareness: A Call for Courage 143 Aspirational Characteristics of White Allies 144 Demonstrate a Nuanced Understanding of Structural Racism and White Privilege 144 Enact a Continual Process of Self-Reflection About Their Positionality and Privilege 145 Experience a Sense of Responsibility to Use Their Racial Privilege to Facilitate Equity 145 Engage in Actions to Disrupt Individual and Structural Racism in Their Own Communities 146 Participate in Coalitions and Work in Solidarity with POC 146 Encounter Resistance, Prepare for Backlash, and Shore Up Resources to Persist 146 Potential Hazards of White Allyship: Reinforcing the Status Quo 147 Engaging in Superficial and Performative Gestures 147 Acting Paternalistically 148 Overidentifying with People of Color 149 Performative Allyship as a Starting Point? 150 Motivations for Ally Work 151 Childhood and Family Background 152 Critical Incidents or Turning Points 153 POC Perspectives of White Racial Justice Allies 154 White Allies Are Few and Far Between (Structural Barriers to Becoming an Ally) 156 The Emotional Labor of Allyship 158 Hesitancy to Act: White Ally Paralysis 160 Response Uncertainty 160 Fear of Punitive Consequences 161 Summary and Synthesis: The Hazards of White Racial Justice Allyship 162 How to Be an Effective White Ally: Strategies to Break the Dance 165 Educate Yourself 165 Engage in Continual Reflexivity and Personal Growth 166 Work in White Communities 166 Develop Meaningful Relationships with POC 167 Amplify POC Voices, Listen, and Decenter Whiteness 168 Move Beyond Intention to Action 168 Develop Self-Care Strategies to Persist 169 Visualizing Sustained and Accountable White Allyship 170 Conclusion 171 References 171 PART THREE: SOCIAL, SYSTEMIC, AND CULTURAL INFLUENCES THAT FACILITATE RACISM CHAPTER SIX The Deadly Dance of Racism: Symbiotic Roles, Scripts, and Ground Rules 181 Unintended Consequences of Silence and Inaction 183 False Consensus Effect 184 Social/Bias Contagion Effect 186 The Role Relationships in the Dance of Racism 189 Communication and Intervention Styles 191 Sincerity, Authenticity, and Trust 193 Cultural Scripts and Ground Rules in the Dance of Racism 197 Cultural Narratives (Storytelling) and Racial Scripts 198 Protecting Racism: Ground Rules for Racial Interactions 202 Conclusion 207 References 208 CHAPTER SEVEN Overcoming Cultural, Systemic, and Institutional Racism 215 Cultural Racism and White Supremacy 216 Whiteness and White Racial Superiority 217 Systemic, Structural, and Institutional Racism 219 Microaggressions and Macroaggressions: Distinctions and Focus 220 Microaggressions and Macroaggressions: The Myth of Meritocracy 224 Microaggressions and Macroaggressions: Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) 225 The Interlocking Relationship of Racism 226 Institutional and Cultural Change 228 Disarming Institutional Racism: General Guidelines 229 Cultural Racism and Societal Change: General Lessons 234 Conclusions--Looking Ahead 237 References 238 PART FOUR: ANTI-BIAS STRATEGIES AND ACTIONS TO CHALLENGE INDIVIDUAL, INSTITUTIONAL, AND CULTURAL RACISM CHAPTER EIGHT Microintervention Strategies to Disrupt, Diminish, and Dismantle Racism: Arming Targets, Bystanders, and White Allies 245 Microinterventions: What Are They? 247 Microinterventions 248 Strategies and Tactics to Combat Individual Microaggressions 253 Strategic Goal #1: Making the "Invisible" Visible 255 Strategic Goal #2: Disarm the Microaggression 264 Strategic Goal #3: Educate the Perpetrator 268 Strategic Goal #4: Seeking Outside Support and Validation 273 Conclusion 277 References 277 CHAPTER NINE Microintervention Strategies to Disrupt, Diminish, and Dismantle Systemic Racism (Macroaggressions): Arming Targets, Bystanders, and White Allies 281 The Current Political Climate and the Rise of Overt Racism 282 Systemic Racism and Macroaggressions: Threat, Intimidation, and Silencing of Dissent 283 Civil Courage: Resistance and Social Change 286 Strategies and Tactics to Combat Macroaggressions (Systemic Racism) 288 Strategic Goal #1: Making Macroaggressions Visible 289 Strategic Goal # 2: Challenging Macroaggressions through Education 294 Strategic Goal # 3: Challenging and Disarming Macroaggressions 297 Strategic Goal #4: Seeking External Support in Fighting Macroaggressions 304 References 308 CHAPTER TEN Racial Socialization and the Microprotections that Shape Antiracist Development 315 Applying Racial Microprotections: A Framework for Prevention 317 Learning Race: How Children Are Taught to Reproduce Social Hierarchies 318 Developmental Pathways for Understanding Race 318 The Myths that Undermine Antiracist Socialization 319 The Myth of Racial Colorblindness 319 The Myth of Exposure as Enough 320 The Myth That Talking About Race Causes Bias 320 Moving Beyond the Myths 320 The Science of Racial Socialization 321 Youth of Color: A Rich Tradition of Ethnic-Racial Socialization 322 White Racial Socialization: What We Know 323 The Urgency of Intentional WRS 324 Enacting Racial Microprotections: Foundational Practices for Antiracist Socialization 325 Foundational Practice 1: Be Purposeful--Commit to Your Own Racial Learning 326 Foundational Practice 2: Break the Silence--Don''t Avoid Race Talk 330 Foundational Practice 3: Make Race Talk Normative--Incorporate It Naturally 331 Foundational Practice 4: Practice and Role-Play--Build Racial Dialogue Fluency 333 Foundational Practice 5: Anticipate and Prepare--Script Responses to Common Racial Incidents 335 Foundational Practice 6: Take the Lead--Instigate Everyday Race Lessons 337 Foundational Practice 7: Recover from Mistakes--Model Imperfection and Growth 339 Foundational Practice 8: Validate and Reinforce--Reward Antiracist Actions 340 Summary 342 Systems-Level Opportunities: Extending Racial Microprotections Beyond the Home 343 Schools 343 Community Institutions 345 Media and Technology 345 Peer Networks and Youth Spaces 346 Conclusion: Reimagining the Future of Racial Socialization 347 References 347 Index 000.