Introduction xi Prehistory-6th Century 1 Cosmological Landscapes 2 Ancient Gardens 4 Landscape and Architecture 6 Genius Loci 8 6th-15th Centuries 15 Western Europe: Walled Minds, Walled Gardens 20 Moorish Spain: An Indelible Influence 28 China: Nature's Splendor in a Garden 38 Japan: In the Spirit of Nature 46 15th Century 57 Japan: Muromachi Era 61 China: Ming Dynasty 65 Central Asia: Timurid Garden Cities 66 Italy: Curious Minds, Broadened Vistas 68 16th Century 75 Italy: The Rebirth of Rome 79 Renaissance Gardens in France and England 93 The Early Botanic Garden: An Encyclopedia of Plants 99 Early Mughal Gardens: Persian Art Forms Travel East 100 Japan: The Momoyama Era 101 17th Century 107 Japan: Edo Period 111 The Mughal Empire: Sacred Symmetries 119 Persian Gardens of Paradise 124 Italian Baroque Styles 127 The Flowering of the Dutch Landscape 133 English Gardens: A Restrained Mix of European Styles 134 French Classical Gardens: The Control of Nature 136 18th Century 147 England: The Development of the Landscape Garden 151 The Landscape Garden in France 164 China: Qianlong's Imprint 165 Early American Gardens: Homeland Traditions 171 19th Century 177 England: The Victorians and Their Plants 181 France: Republics and Empires 186 Landscape Architecture in America 189 20th Century 203 The Gilded Age: Extremes of Wealth and Poverty 207 The New Aesthetic of Modernism 211 Environmental Art: Nature as Medium 219 Artistic Trends in Landscape Design 220 Environmental and Ecological Design 222 Postmodern Landscapes 223 21st Century 23 1 A Sustainable Earth: Ten Ideas 232 Endnotes 245 Bibliography 251 Index 255.