1. Introduction to Computers1.1 What is a Computer?1.2 Characteristics of Computers1.3 Generation of Computers1.3.1 First Generation1.3.

2 Second Generation1.3.3 Third Generation1.3.4 Fourth Generation1.3.5 Fifth Generation1.4 Classification of Computers1.

5 Applications of Computer1.6 Basic Computer Organization1.7 Lab Session - Inside a Computer1.8 The Motherboard2. Number representation in computers2.1 Binary Number System2.1 Working with Binary Numbers2.2.

1 Convert a Binary Number into Decimal2.2.2 Convert a Decimal Number into Binary2.2.3 Adding Two Binary Numbers2.2.4 Subtracting Two Binary Numbers2.2.

5 Subtracting Two Binary Numbers Using Two''s Complement2.2.6 Multiplication of Two Binary Numbers2.2.7 Division of Binary Numbers2.3 Octal Number System2.3.1 Convert an Octal Number into Decimal2.

3.2 Convert a Decimal Number into Octal2.4 Hexadecimal Number System2.4.1 Convert a Hexadecimal Number into Binary2.4.2 Convert a Hexadecimal Number into Binary2.4.

3 Convert a Hexadecimal Number into Decimal2.4.4 Convert a Decimal Number into Hexadecimal2.5 Working with Fractions2.6 Signed Number Representation in Binary2.6.1 Sign-and-magnitude2.6.

2 One''s Complement2.6.3 Two''s Complement2.7 BCD Code2.8 Other Codes2.8.1 ASCII Codes2.8.

2 EBCDIC Codes2.8.3 Excess 3 Code2.8.4 Other Weighted Codes2.8.5 Gray Code2.9 Logic Gates2.

10 Universal Gates3. Input/ Output Devices3.1 Universal Gates3.1.1 Keyboard3.1.2 Pointing Devices3.1.

2.1 Mouse3.1.2.2 Trackball3.1.2.3 Touch Pad3.

1.3 Handheld Devices3.1.3.1 Joystick3.1.3.2 Stylus3.

1.3.3 Touch Screen3.1.4 Optical Devices3.1.4.1 Bar Code Reader3.

1.4.2 Image Scanner3.1.4.3 Optical Character Recognition3.1.4.

4 Optical Mark Recognition3.1.4.5 Magnetic Ink Character Reader3.1.5 Audio Visual Devices3.1.5.

1 Audio Input Devices3.1.5.2 Video Input Devices3.2 Output Devices3.2.1 Soft Copy Output Devices3.2.

1.1 Monitor3.2.1.1.1 CRT Monitor3.2.1.

1.2 LCD Monitor3.2.1.1.3 Plasma Monitor3.2.1.

2 Projector3.2.1.3 Speaker3.2.2 Hard Copy Output Devices3.2.2.

1 Dot Matrix3.2.2.2 Daisy Wheel3.2.2.3 Line Printer3.2.

2.4 Inkjet Matrix3.2.2.5 Laser Matrix3.2.2.6 Plotters4.

Computer''s Memory4.1 Introduction4.2 Memory Hierarchy4.3 Processor Registers4.4 Cache Memory4.5 Primary Memory4.5.1 RAM4.

5.2 ROM4.5.3 How does CPU finds the required data from the main memory?4.6 Secondary Storage Devices4.6.1 Offline Storage4.6 Hard Disk4.

7 Optical Drive4.7.1 CDROM4.7.2 DVD ROM4.7.3 CD-R4.7.

4 CD-RW4.8 USB Flash Drive4.9 Floppy Disk4.10 Magnetic Tape4.11 Memory Cards5. Computer Software5.1 Introduction to Computer Software5.2 Classification of Computer Software5.

2.1 System Software5.2.1.1 Computer BIOS and Device Drivers5.2.1.2 Operating System5.

2.1.3 Utility Software5.2.1.4 Compiler, Interpreter, Linker, Loader5.2.2 Application Software5.

3 Some popular applications software5.3.1 Productivity software5.3.2 Introduction to Office Package5.3.3 Graphics Software5.3.

4 Multimedia Software5.4 Operating System5.4.1 Windows Operating System5.4.2 UNIX5.4.3 LINUX6.

The Internet6.1 Introduction to Computer Networks6.1.1 Advantages of Computer Networks6.2 The Connecting Media6.3 Data Transmission Mode6.3.1 Simplex, Half Duplex and Full Duplex Connections6.

3.2 Serial and Parallel Transmission6.3.3 Synchronous and Asynchronous Transmission Mode6.4 Network Topologies6.4.1 Bus Topology6.4.

2Star Topology6.4.3 Ring Topology6.4.4 Mesh Topology6.4.5 Hybrid Topology6.5 Types of Network6.

5.1 LAN6.5.2 WAN6.5.3 MAN6.5.4 CAN6.

5.5 PAN6.6 Networking Devices6.6.1 Hub6.6.2Repeaters6.6.

3 Switch6.6.4 Bridges6.6.5 Router6.6.6 Gateway6.6.

7 NIC Card6.7 The Internet6.7.1 History6.8 Internet Services6.8.1 Electronic Mail6.8.

2 File Transfer Protocol6.8.3 Chatting6.8.4 Internet Conferencing6.8.5 Electronic Newspaper6.8.

6 World Wide Web6.8.7 Online Shopping6.8.8 Internet Glossary7. Introduction to Algorithms and Programming Languages7.1 Concept of Algorithms7.2 Key Features of an Algorithm7.

3 Some More Algorithms7.4 Flowcharts7.4.1 Significance of Flowchart7.4.2 Advantages of Flowchart7.4.3 Limitations of Flowchart7.

5 Pseudocode7.6 Programming Languages7.7 Generation of Programming Languages7.7.1 First Generation7.7.2 Second Generation7.7.

3 Third Generation7.7.4 Fourth Generation7.7.5 Fifth Generation7.8 Structured Programming Language7.8.1 Advantages7.

8.2 Example7.9 Introduction to the Design and Implementation of correct, efficient and maintenance programs8. INTRODUCTION TO C8.1 Introduction8.1.1 Background8.1.

2 Characteristics of C8.1.3 Uses8.2 Structure of a C program8.3 Writing the First C Program8.4 Files Used in a C Program8.4.1 Source Code File8.

4.2 Header Files8.4.3 Object File8.4.4 Binary Executable File8.5 Compiling and Executing C Program8.6 Using Comments in a C Program8.

7 Keywords8.8 Identifiers8.9 Basic data types in C8.9.1 How are floats and doubles stored?8.10 Variables8.10.1 Declaring Variables8.

10.2 Initializing Variables8.11 Constants8.11.1 Integer Constant8.11.2 Floating Point Constant8.11.

3 Character Constant8.11.4 String Constant8.11.5 Declaring Constant8.12 Input/Output Statements in C8.12.1 Streams in C8.

12.2 Formatting input/output8.12.3 printf()8.12.4 scanf()8.12.5 printf() and scanf() examples8.

12.6 Detecting errors while data input8.13 Operators in C8.13.1 Arithmetic operators8.13.2 Relational Operators8.13.

3 Equality Operators8.13.4 Logical Operators8.13.4.1 Logical AND8.13.4.

3 Logical NOT8.13.5 Unary Operators8.13.5.1 Unary Minus8.13.5.

2 Increment Operator (++) and Decrement Operator (--)8.13.6 Conditional Operators8.13.7 Bitwise Operators8.13.7.1 Bitwise AND8.

13.7.2 Bitwise OR8.13.7.3 Bitwise XOR8.13.7.

4 Bitwise NOT8.13.7.5 Shift Operator8.13.8 Assignment operators8.13.9 Comma Operator8.

13.10 Sizeof Operator8.13.11 Operator precedence8.14 Type conversion and type casting8.14.1 Type Conversion8.14.

2 Type CastingProgramming TipsKeywords9. DECISION CONTROL AND LOOPING STATEMENTS9.1 Introduction to Decision Control Statements9.2 Conditional Branching Statement9.2.1 If Statement9.2.2 If-Else Statement9.

2.3 If-Else-If Statement9.2.4 Switch Case Statement9.3 Iterative Statements9.3.1 While Loop9.3.

2 Do- While Loop9.3.3 For Loop9.4 Nested Loops9.5 C Break and Continue Statement9.6 Go to StatementProgramming TipsKeywordsCase Study for Chapters 8 and 910. FUNCTIONS10.1 Introduction10.

1.1 Why are functions needed?10.2 Using functions10.3 Function Declaration10.4 Function Definition10.5 Function Call10.6 Return Statement10.7 Passing parameters to function10.

7.1 Call by value10.7.2 Call by reference10.8 Variable scope10.8.1 Block scope10.8.

2 Function scope10.8.3 Program scope10.8.4 File scope10. 9 Storage Classes10.9.1 auto10.

9.2 register10.9.3 extern10.9.4 static10.9.5 Comparison of Storage Classes10.

10 Recursive functions10.10.1 Reverse the characters10.10.2 Greatest Common Divisor10.10.3 Finding exponents10.10.

4 Fibonacci Series10.11 Types of Recursion10.12 Tower of Hanoi problem10.13 Recursion vs iterationProgramming TipsKeywordsAnnexure 1: User-defined Header files11. ARRAYS11.1 Introduction11.2 Declaration of arrays11.3 Accessing all the elements of array11.

3.1 Calculating the address of array elements11.4 Storing values in arrays11.4.1 Initialization of arrays11.4.2 Inputting values11.4.

3 Assigning values11.5 Calculating the length of arrays11.6 Operations that can be performed on arrays11.6.1 Traversal11.6.2 Insertion11.6.

3 Deletion11.6.4 Merging the arrays11.6.5 Searching the array elements11.6.5.1 Linear search11.

6.5.2 Binary search11.7 One dimensional array for inter-function communication11.8 Two dimensional arrays11.8.1 Declaration of two dimensional arrays11.8.

2 Initialization of two dimensional arrays11.8.3 Accessing the elements11.9 Operation on two dimensional arrays11.10 Two dimensional arrays for inter-function communication11.11 Multi dimensional arrays11.12 Sparse matricesAnnexure 2: SortingCase Study for Chapters 10 and 1112. STRINGS12.

1 Introduction12.1.1 Reading Strings12.1.2 Writing Strings12.1.3 Summary of functions used to read and write characters12.2 Suppressing inputs12.

3 String Taxonomy12.4 String operations12.4.1 Length12.4.2 Converting into upper case12.4.3 Converting into lower case12.

4.4 Concatenation12.4.5 Appending12.4.6 Comparison12.4.7 Reverse12.

4.8 Extracting a substring from left of a string12.4.9 Extracting a substring from right of a string12.4.10 Extracting a substring from middle of a string12.4.11 Insertion12.

4.12 Indexing12.4.13 Deletion12.4.14 Replacement12.5 Miscellaneous string and character functions12.6 Array of strings13.

POINTERS13.1 Understanding the computer''s memory13.2 Introduction to Pointers13.3 Declaring pointer variables13.4 Pointer expressions and pointer arithmetic13.5 Null pointers13.6 Generic pointers13.7 Passing arguments to functions using pointers13.

8 Pointers and arrays13.9 Passing array to a function7.9 Difference between array name and pointer13.10 Pointers and strings13.11 Array of pointers13.12 Pointers and two dimensional arrays13.13 Array of function pointers13.14 Pointers and two dimensional arrays13.

15 Pointers and three dimensional arrays13.16 Pointer to function13.16.1 Initializing function pointer13.16.2 Calling a function using a function pointer13.16.3 Comparing function pointers13.

16.4 Passing a function pointer as an argument to a function13.17 Array of function pointers13.18 Pointer to pointers13.19 Memory allocation in C programs13.20 Memory usage13.21 Dynamic memory management13.21.

1 Memory allocation process13.21.2 Allocating a block of memory13.21.3 Releasing the used space13.21.4 Altering the size of allocated memory13.22 Drawback of pointersAnnexure 3: PointersCase Study for Chapters 12 and 1314.

STRUCTURE AND UNION14.1 Introduction14.1.1 Structure declaration14.1.2 Typedef declaration14.1.3 Initialization of structures14.

1.4 Accessing members of structures14.1.5 Copying and Comparing structures14.2 Nested structures14.3 Array of structures14.4 Structures and functions14.4.

1 Passing individual members14.4.2 Passing the entire structure14.4.3 Pa.