Introduction 1 What You''ll Find 1 How This Workbook Is Organized 1 Part 1: The Questions 2 Part 2: The Answers 3 Beyond the Book 3 What you''ll find online 3 How to register 4 Where to Go for Additional Help 4 Part 1: The Questions 5 Chapter 1: Basic Vocabulary 7 The Problems You''ll Work On 7 What to Watch Out For 7 Picking Out the Population, Sample, Parameter, and Statistic 8 Distinguishing Quantitative and Categorical Variables 8 Getting a Handle on Bias, Variables, and the Mean 9 Understanding Different Statistics and Data Analysis Terms 9 Using Statistical Techniques 10 Working with the Standard Deviation 10 Chapter 2: Descriptive Statistics 11 The Problems You''ll Work On 11 What to Watch Out For 11 Understanding the Mean and the Median 12 Surveying Standard Deviation and Variance 13 Employing the Empirical Rule 15 Measuring Relative Standing with Percentiles 16 Delving into Data Sets and Descriptive Statistics 17 Chapter 3: Graphing 21 The Problems You''ll Work On 21 What to Watch Out For 21 Interpreting Pie Charts 22 Considering Three-Dimensional Pie Charts 22 Interpreting Bar Charts 23 Introducing Other Graphs 24 Interpreting Histograms 24 Digging Deeper into Histograms 25 Comparing Histograms 26 Describing the Center of a Distribution 27 Interpreting Box Plots 27 Comparing Two Box Plots 28 Comparing Three Box Plots 29 Interpreting Time Charts 30 Getting More Practice with Histograms 31 Chapter 4: Random Variables and the Binomial Distribution 33 The Problems You''ll Work On 33 What to Watch Out For 33 Comparing Discrete and Continuous Random Variables 34 Understanding the Probability Distribution of a Random Variable 35 Determining the Mean of a Discrete Random Variable 35 Digging Deeper into the Mean of a Discrete Random Variable 35 Working with the Variance of a Discrete Random Variable 36 Putting Together the Mean, Variance, and Standard Deviation of a Random Variable 36 Digging Deeper into the Mean, Variance, and Standard Deviation of a Random Variable 37 Introducing Binomial Random Variables 37 Figuring Out the Mean, Variance, and Standard Deviation of a Binomial Random Variable 38 Finding Binomial Probabilities with a Formula 38 Digging Deeper into Binomial Probabilities Using a Formula 39 Finding Binomial Probabilities with the Binomial Table 39 Digging Deeper into Binomial Probabilities Using the Binomial Table 40 Using the Normal Approximation to the Binomial 40 Digging Deeper into the Normal Approximation to the Binomial 41 Getting More Practice with Binomial Variables 41 Chapter 5: The Normal Distribution 43 The Problems You''ll Work On 43 What to Watch Out For 43 Defining and Describing the Normal Distribution 44 Working with z- Scores and Values of X 45 Digging Deeper into z- Scores and Values of X 45 Writing Probability Notations 46 Introducing the Z- Table 47 Finding Probabilities for a Normal Distribution 47 Digging Deeper into z- Scores and Probabilities 47 Figuring Out Percentiles for a Normal Distribution 48 Digging Deeper into Percentiles for a Normal Distribution 49 Getting More Practice with Percentiles 49 Chapter 6: The t- Distribution 51 The Problems You''ll Work On 51 What to Watch Out For 51 Understanding the t- Distribution and Comparing It to the Z- Distribution 52 Using the t- Table 53 Using the t- Distribution to Calculate Confidence Intervals 55 Chapter 7: Sampling Distributions and the Central Limit Theorem 57 The Problems You''ll Work On 57 What to Watch Out For 57 Introducing the Basics of Sampling Distributions 58 Checking Out Random Variables and Sample Means 59 Examining Standard Error 59 Surveying Notation and Symbols 60 Understanding What Affects Standard Error 61 Digging Deeper into Standard Error 61 Connecting Sample Means and Sampling Distributions 62 Digging Deeper into Sampling Distributions of Sample Means 64 Looking at the Central Limit Theorem 65 Getting More Practice with Sample Mean Calculations 66 Finding Probabilities for Sample Means 66 Digging Deeper into Probabilities for Sample Means 67 Adding Proportions to the Mix 68 Figuring Out the Standard Error of the Sample Proportion 68 Using the Central Limit Theorem for Proportions 68 Matching z- Scores to Sample Proportions 69 Finding Approximate Probabilities 69 Getting More Practice with Probabilities 69 Digging Deeper into Approximate Probabilities 70 Chapter 8: Finding Room for a Margin of Error 71 The Problems You''ll Work On 71 What to Watch Out For 71 Defining and Calculating Margin of Error 72 Using the Formula for Margin of Error When Estimating a Population Mean 72 Finding Appropriate z*- Values for Given Confidence Levels 73 Connecting Margin of Error to Sample Size 73 Getting More Practice with the Formula for Margin of Error 73 Linking Margin of Error and Population Proportion 74 Chapter 9: Confidence Intervals: Basics for Single Population Means and Proportions 75 The Problems You''ll Work On 75 What to Watch Out For 75 Introducing Confidence Intervals 76 Checking Out Components of Confidence Intervals 77 Interpreting Confidence Intervals 79 Spotting Misleading Confidence Intervals 80 Calculating a Confidence Interval for a Population Mean 83 Determining the Needed Sample Size 86 Introducing a Population Proportion 87 Connecting a Population Proportion to a Survey 88 Calculating a Confidence Interval for a Population Proportion 88 Digging Deeper into Population Proportions 89 Getting More Practice with Population Proportions 90 Chapter 10: Confidence Intervals for Two Population Means and Proportions 91 The Problems You''ll Work On 91 What to Watch Out For 91 Working with Confidence Intervals and Population Proportions 92 Digging Deeper into Confidence Intervals and Population Proportions 92 Working with Confidence Intervals and Population Means 93 Making Calculations When Population Standard Deviations Are Known 93 Digging Deeper into Calculations When Population Standard Deviations Are Known 94 Working with Unknown Population Standard Deviations and Small Sample Sizes 95 Digging Deeper into Unknown Population Standard Deviations and Small Sample Sizes 96 Chapter 11: Claims, Tests, and Conclusions 97 The Problems You''ll Work On 97 What to Watch Out For 97 Knowing When to Use a Hypothesis Test 98 Setting Up Null and Alternative Hypotheses 98 Finding the Test Statistic and the p -Value 100 Making Decisions Based on Alpha Levels and Test Statistics 101 Making Conclusions 101 Understanding Type I and Type II Errors 103 Chapter 12: Hypothesis Testing Basics for a Single Population Mean: z- and t- Tests 105 The Problems You''ll Work On 105 What to Watch Out For 105 Knowing What You Need to Run a z- Test 106 Determining Null and Alternative Hypotheses 106 Introducing p- Values 107 Calculating the z- Test Statistic 107 Finding p- Values by Doing a Test of One Population Mean 108 Drawing Conclusions about Hypotheses 108 Digging Deeper into p- Values 109 Digging Deeper into Conclusions about Hypotheses 109 Digging Deeper into Null and Alternative Hypotheses 110 Knowing When to Use a t- Test 111 Connecting Hypotheses to t- Tests 111 Calculating Test Statistics 112 Working with Critical Values of t 112 Linking p- Values and t- Tests 113 Drawing Conclusions from t- Tests 114 Performing a t- Test for a Single Population Mean 115 Drawing More Conclusions from t- Tests 115 Chapter 13: Hypothesis Tests for One Proportion, Two Proportions, or Two Population Means 117 The Problems You''ll Work On 117 What to Watch Out For 118 Testing One Population Proportion 118 Comparing Two Independent Population Means 120 Digging Deeper into Two Independent Population Means 121 Getting More Practice with Two Independent Population Means 121 Using the Paired t- Test 122 Digging Deeper into the Paired t- Test 123 Comparing Two Population Proportions 124 Digging Deeper into Two Population Proportions 124 Chapter 14: Surveys 127 The Problems You''ll Work On 127 What to Watch Out For 127 Planning and Designing Surveys 128 Selecting Samples and Conducting Surveys 128 Chapter 15: Correlation 131 The Problems You''ll Work On 131 What to Watch Out For 131 Interpreting Scatter Plots 132 Creating Scatter Plots 132 Understanding What Correlations Indicate 133 Digging Deeper into Scatter Plots 133 Digging Deeper into What Correlations Indicate 134 Calculating Correlations 134 Noting How Correlations Can Change 135