List of Contributors xvii Preface xxiii Part I 1 1 Determination of Residual Stresses by Nanoindentation 3 P-L. Larsson 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Theoretical Background 5 1.3 Determination of Residual Stresses 12 1.3.1 Low Hardening Materials and Equi-biaxial Stresses 12 1.3.

2 General Residual Stresses 13 1.3.3 Strain-hardening Effects 15 1.3.4 Conclusions and Remarks 15 References 16 2 Nanomechanical Characterization of Carbon Films 19 Ben D. Beake and TomaszW. Liskiewicz 2.1 Introduction 19 2.

1.1 Types of DLC Coatings and their Mechanical Properties 19 2.1.2 Carbon Films Processing Methods 20 2.1.3 Residual Stresses in Carbon Films 21 2.1.4 Friction Properties of Carbon Films 22 2.

1.5 Multilayering Strategies 23 2.1.6 Applications of Carbon Films 24 2.1.7 Optimization/testing Challenges 24 2.2 Factors Influencing Reliable and Comparable Hardness and Elastic Modulus Determination 24 2.2.

1 The International Standard for Depth-sensing Indentation: EN ISO 14577-4 : 2007 24 2.2.2 Challenges in Ultra-thin Films 27 2.2.3 Indenter Geometry 28 2.2.4 Surface Roughness 28 2.3 Deformation in Indentation Contact 30 2.

3.1 The Relationship Between H/E and Plastic and ElasticWork in Nanoindentation 30 2.3.2 Variation in H/E and Plasticity Index for Different DLC Films 31 2.3.3 Cracking and Delamination 32 2.3.4 Coatings on Si: Si Phase Transformation 33 2.

4 Nano-scratch Testing 34 2.4.1 Scan Speed and Loading Rate 35 2.4.2 Influence of Probe Radius 36 2.4.3 Contact Pressure 36 2.4.

4 Role of the Si Substrate in Nano-scratch Testing 38 2.4.5 Failure Behaviour of ta-C on Si 40 2.4.6 Film Stress and Thickness 43 2.4.7 Repetitive Nano-wear by Multi-pass Nano-scratch Tests 44 2.4.

8 Load Dependence of Friction 46 2.5 Impact and Fatigue Resistance of DLC Films Using Nano-impact Testing 46 2.5.1 Compositionally Graded a-C and a-C:H Coatings on M42 Tool Steel 49 2.5.2 DLC/Cr Coating on Steel 51 2.5.3 PACVD a-C:H Coatings on M2 Steel 51 2.

5.4 DLC Films on Si-film Thickness, Probe Geometry, Impact Force and Interfacial Toughness 52 2.6 Wear Resistance of Amorphous Carbon Films Using Nano-fretting Testing 54 2.6.1 Nano-fretting: State-of-the-art 55 2.6.2 Nano-fretting of Thin DLC Films on Si 55 2.6.

3 Nano-fretting of DLC Coatings on Steel 57 2.7 Conclusion 58 References 59 3 Mechanical Evaluation of Nanocoatings under Extreme Environments for Application in Energy Systems 69 E.J. Rubio, G. Martinez, S.K. Gullapalli, M. Noor-A-Alam and C.

V. Ramana 3.1 Introduction 69 3.2 Thermal Barrier Coatings 70 3.2.1 Nanoindentation Characterization of TBCs 72 3.2.2 Mechanical Properties of Hafnium-based TBCs 74 3.

3 Nanoindentation Evaluation of Coatings for Nuclear Power Generation Applications 76 3.3.1 Evaluation ofW-based Materials for Nuclear Application 77 3.4 Conclusions and Outlook 80 Acknowledgments 81 References 81 4 Evaluation of the Nanotribological Properties of Thin Films 83 ShojiroMiyake and MeiWang 4.1 Introduction 83 4.2 Evaluation Methods of Nanotribology 83 4.3 Nanotribology Evaluation Methods and Examples 84 4.3.

1 Nanoindentation Evaluation 84 4.3.2 Nanowear and Friction Evaluation 88 4.3.2.1 Nanowear Properties 89 4.3.2.

2 Frictional Properties with Different Lubricants 91 4.3.2.3 Nanowear and Frictional Properties, Evaluated with and without Vibrations 95 4.3.3 Evaluation of the Force Modulation 98 4.3.4 Evaluation of the Mechanical and Other Physical Properties 102 4.

4 Conclusions 108 References 108 5 Nanoindentation on Tribological Coatings 111 Francisco J.G. Silva 5.1 Introduction 111 5.2 Relevant Properties on Coatings for Tribological Applications 116 5.3 How can Nanoindentation Help Researchers to Characterize Coatings? 116 5.3.1 Thin Coatings Nanoindentation Procedures 118 5.

3.2 Hardness Determination 120 5.3.3 Young''s Modulus Determination 123 5.3.4 Tensile Properties Determination 124 5.3.5 Fracture Toughness inThin Films 125 5.

3.6 Coatings Adhesion Analysis 126 5.3.7 Stiffness and Other Mechanical Properties 127 5.3.8 Simulation and Models Applied to Nanoindentation 128 References 129 6 Nanoindentation of Macro-porous Materials for Elastic Modulus and Hardness Determination 135 Zhangwei Chen 6.1 Introduction 135 6.1.

1 Nanoindentation Fundamentals for Dense Materials 135 6.1.2 Introduction to Porous Materials 137 6.1.3 Studies of Elastic Properties of Porous Materials 138 6.2 Nanoindentation of Macro-porous Bulk Ceramics 140 6.3 Nanoindentation of Bone Materials 143 6.4 Nanoindentation of Macro-porous Films 144 6.

4.1 Substrate Effect 145 6.4.2 Densification Effect 147 6.4.3 Surface Roughness Effect 149 6.5 Concluding Remarks 151 Acknowledgements 151 References 151 7 Nanoindentation Applied to DC Plasma Nitrided Parts 157 Silvio Francisco Brunatto and CarlosMaurício Lepienski 7.1 Introduction 157 7.

2 Basic Aspects of DC Plasma Nitrided Parts 160 7.2.1 The Potential Distribution for an Abnormal Glow Discharge 160 7.2.2 Plasma-surface Interaction in Cathode Surface 161 7.2.3 Electrical Configuration Modes in DC Plasma Nitriding 162 7.3 Basic Aspects of Nanoindentation in Nitrided Surfaces 163 7.

4 Examples of Nanoindentation Applied to DC Plasma Nitrided Parts 167 7.4.1 Mechanical Polishing: Nanoindentation in Niobium 169 7.4.2 Surface Roughness: Nanoindentation in DC Plasma Nitrided Parts 170 7.4.2.1 Nanoindentation in DC Plasma Nitrided Niobium 170 7.

4.2.2 Nanoindentation in DC Plasma Nitrided Titanium 174 7.4.2.3 Nanoindentation in DC Plasma Nitrided Martensitic Stainless Steel 175 7.4.3 Nitrogen-concentration Gradients: Nanoindentation in DC Plasma Nitrided Tool Steel 176 7.

4.4 Crystallographic Orientation: Nanoindentation in DC Plasma Nitrided Austenitic Stainless Steels 177 7.5 Conclusion 178 Acknowledgements 179 References 179 8 Nanomechanical Properties of Defective Surfaces 183 Oscar Rodríguez de la Fuente 8.1 Introduction 183 8.1.1 The Role of Surface Defects in Plasticity 183 8.1.2 Experimental Techniques for Visualization and Generation of Surface Defects 184 8.

1.3 Approaches to Study and Probe Nanomechanical Properties 185 8.2 Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Dislocation Nucleation 186 8.2.1 Homogeneous Dislocation Nucleation 186 8.2.2 Heterogeneous Dislocation Nucleation 188 8.3 Surface Steps 190 8.

3.1 Studies on Surface Steps 191 8.4 Subsurface Defects 194 8.4.1 Sub-surface Vacancies 195 8.4.2 Sub-surface Impurities and Dislocations 195 8.5 Rough Surfaces 197 8.

6 Conclusions 200 Acknowledgements 200 References 200 9 Viscoelastic and Tribological Behavior of Al2O3 Reinforced Toughened Epoxy Hybrid Nanocomposites 205 Mandhakini Mohandas and AlagarMuthukaruppan 9.1 Introduction 205 9.2 Experimental 206 9.2.1 Materials 206 9.2.2 FTIR Analysis 208 9.2.

3 Results and Discussion 209 9.2.3.1 Viscoeleastic Properties 210 9.2.3.2 Hardness and Modulus by Nanoindentation 214 9.3 Conclusion 219 References 220 10 Nanoindentation of Hybrid Foams 223 Anne Jung, Zhaoyu Chen and Stefan Diebels 10.

1 Introduction 223 10.1.1 Motivation 223 10.1.2 State of the art of Nanoindentation of Metal and Metal Foam 226 10.2 Sample Material and Preparation 230 10.2.1 Al Material and Coating Process 230 10.

2.2 Sample Preparation for Nanoindentation 231 10.3 Nanoindentation Experiments 232 10.3.1 Experimental Setup 232 10.3.2 Results and Discussion 232 10.4 Conclusions and Outlook 239 Acknowledgements 240 References 240 11 AFM-based Nanoindentation of Cellulosic Fibers 247 Christian Ganser and Christian Teichert 11.

1 Introduction 247 11.2 Experimental 248 11.2.1 AFM Instrumentation 248 11.2.2 AFM-based Nanoindentation 250 11.2.3 Comparison with Results of Classical NI 255 11.

2.4 Sample Preparation 256 11.3 Mechanical Properties of Cellulose Fibers 257 11.3.1 Pulp Fibers 257 11.3.2 Swollen Viscose Fibers 259 11.4 Conclusions and Outlook 265 Acknowledgments 265 References 266 12 Evaluation of Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Coatings for Stainless Steel 269 A.

Mina, J.C. Caicedo,W. Aperador, M. Mozafari and H.H. Caicedo 12.1 Introduction 269 12.

2 Experimental Details 270 12.3 Results and Discussion 271 12.3.1 Crystal Lattice Arrangement of β-TCP/Ch Coatings 271 12.3.2 Surface Coating Analysis 272 12.3.3 Morphological Analysis of the β-TCP-Ch Coatings 274 12.

3.4 Mechanical Properties 276 12.3.5 Tribological Properties 279 12.3.6 SurfaceWear Analysis 280 12.3.7 Adhesion Behaviour 281 12.

4 Conclusions 283 Acknowledgements 283 References 283 13 Nanoindentation in Metallic Glasses 287 Vahid Nekouie, Anish.