List of Illustrations xiv Preface to the Second Edition xxiv Preface to the First Edition xxv Note to Students xxvii Acknowledgments xxix Walk Through Tour xxx Timeline xxxii About the Website xxxvii 1 Introduction To Roman Art History 1 Timeline 1 Cultural Property Controversies 2 Dating Dilemmas in Roman Art History 3 Restoration Issues in Roman Art History 4 The Role of Elites in Public Art and Architecture 4 Italic versus Classical Styles and Forms I: Temples 5 Italic versus Classical Styles and Forms II: Portraiture 7 Female Portraiture and Embedded Values 9 Romans Judging Roman Art: Values and Class 11 Art, Context, and Social Status I: The Tomb of Vestorius Priscus 12 Art, Context, and Social Status II: The Roman House 14 Narrative Moment 16 Suggestions for Further Reading 17 2 Regal Period, 753-509 BCE 18 The Etruscans and the Question of Etruscan Dominance Timeline 18 Introduction to the World of Early Rome and Italy 19 The Etruscans 21 Etruscan architecture and city planning 21 Etruscan Orientalizing art 23 Etruscan sculpture and portraiture 25 Art in Latium, the Region Around Rome 27 Archaic Rome: City Planning and Architecture 29 Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus 34 Murlo (Poggio Civitate) 36 Etruscan Tomb Paintings 41 GrecoItalic Archaic Architecture: A Doric Temple at Pompeii 45 Conclusion 46 Suggestions for Further Reading 46 3 The Early Republic, 509-211 BCE 48 The Spread of Roman Power and Forms Timeline 48 Introduction to Early Roman Republican Art 49 A brief historical survey of the Early Republic 50 Greek wall painting: Tomb of the Diver, Paestum 50 Etruscan tomb painting of the fifth century BCE 52 Etruscan terracotta plaque, Pyrgi 54 Lucanian Tomb Painting, Paestum 56 Etruscan tomb painting of the fourth century BCE 60 Roman tomb painting of the Early Republic 64 Etruscan and Central Italian Bronze Sculpture 67 Terracotta Votive Sculpture 71 Roman Architecture and Urban Planning 73 Ostia: Rome''s first colony and planned community 74 Maritime colonies at Cosa and Paestum, 273 BCE 75 Conclusion 79 Suggestions for Further Reading 79 4 The Later Republic, 211-31 BCE 81 The Origins of a Hellenistic Roman Culture Timeline 81 Introduction 82 Architecture and Urban Planning 82 Architecture 84 Greek urban planning and sanctuary design 88 Roman Wall Painting in the Late Republic 100 First Style wall painting, 200-80 BCE 100 Second Style wall painting, 80-15 BCE 104 Late Republican Sculpture 116 Conclusion 122 Suggestions for Further Reading 122 5 The Age of Augustus, 31 BCE-14 CE 124 The Art of Empire Timeline 124 Augustus 125 The Portraits of Augustus 126 Augustus and the City of Rome 130 The Campus Martius 130 Forum Augustum 135 The Palatine Hill 140 Third Style Wall Painting 144 Third Style painting at Oplontis 145 The Emulation of Augustan Art 146 Traditional Italic Style in the Age of Augustus 149 Concrete Architecture 154 Glass and Gems 155 Conclusion 156 Suggestions for Further Reading 157 6 The Julio-Claudians, 14-68 CE 159 The Rise of Roman Dynastic Art Timeline 159 Introduction 160 Tiberius, 14-37 ce, and Caligula, 37-41 CE 160 Portraiture 161 Dynastic monuments 161 Palace architecture and mythological sculpture 165 Claudius, 41-54 CE 171 Portraiture 171 Dynastic monuments 172 Historical reliefs 174 Architecture 176 Nero, 54-68 CE 177 Portraiture of Nero 178 Portraiture of JulioClaudian women 179 Palace architecture 180 NonMythological Wall Painting, Pompeii 185 Public Buildings and Interior Decoration, Pompeii 186 Decorative Metal, Gems, and Glass 190 Conclusion 195 Suggestions for Further Reading 195 7 The Flavians, 69-96 CE 197 Civil War, Disaster, and Response Timeline 197 Civil War of 68-69 CE 198 Vespasian and Titus, 69-81 CE 199 Portraiture 200 Architecture 200 Pompeii and Herculaneum 205 Herculaneum 206 Pompeii 209 Domitian, 81-96 CE 215 Portraiture 217 Historical reliefs 218 Architecture 226 Decorative Metal and Glass 232 Conclusion 233 Suggestions for Further Reading 233 8 Trajan and Hadrian, 98-138 CE 235 Emperors from the Provinces Timeline 235 Nerva, 96-98 CE 236 Trajan, 98-117 ce, and Hadrian, 117-138 CE 237 Portraiture of Trajan and Hadrian 238 Portraiture of empresses 239 Architecture 239 Sculpture 249 Historical reliefs 249 Funerary sculpture 262 Mythological sculpture 263 Mosaics 266 Lamps 270 Conclusion 271 Suggestions for Further Reading 271 9 Antonine Emperors, 138-192 CE 272 From an Empire of Gold to One of Rust Timeline 272 Introduction 273 Antonine Portraiture 274 Portraits of emperors and empresses 274 Nonimperial portraiture 276 Commodus portraiture 277 Architectural Sculpture 280 Relief sculpture honoring Hadrian and Antoninus Pius 280 Reliefs from victory monuments of Marcus Aurelius 283 Architecture 284 Wall Painting and Mosaics 287 Sarcophagi 292 Mythological sarcophagi 292 Biographical sarcophagi 294 Children''s sarcophagi 297 Fayum Mummy Portraits 297 Carved Gems 301 Conclusion 301 Suggestions for Further Reading 301 10 Civil War and Severan Dynasty, 193-235 CE 303 Calm before the Storm Timeline 303 Introduction 304 Trends and Developments in Severan Art 304 Portraiture 305 Portraiture of Julia Domna 306 Baths of Caracalla: Architecture and Sculpture in Rome 309 Historical Reliefs 314 Mosaic Art under the Severans 317 Sarcophagi 319 Forma Urbis Romae 322 Roman Temples at Baalbek 325 Severan Building Program at Lepcis Magna 330 Gems 333 Terracotta 334 Conclusion 334 Suggestions for Further Reading 335 11 The Third Century and The Tetrarchy, 235-306 CE 336 Crisis and Renewal Timeline 336 ThirdCentury Emperors and the Tetrarchy 337 Philip the Arab, 244-249 CE 337 Decius, 249-251 CE 337 Valerian, 253-260 CE 340 Aurelian, 270-275 CE 340 Diocletian, 284-305 CE 341 The Tetrarchy 343 Coin Portraits of the Third Century CE 344 Historical Reliefs 346 Decennalia Monument, Forum Romanum, Rome, 303 CE 347 Arch of Galerius, Thessalonica, 303 CE 348 Sarcophagi 350 Imperial Architecture 355 Baths of Diocletian 355 Architecture and mosaics: Villa at Piazza Armerina, Sicily 357 Mosaics from the City of AntiochontheOrontes in the Roman East 361 Glass and Gems 365 Conclusion 369 Suggestions for Further Reading 369 12 Constantine, 306-337 CE 371 Christian Empire and the Decline of the West Timeline 371 Constantine, the First Christian Emperor 372 Portraiture 373 Architecture at Trier: Building a Provincial Capital 374 Architecture and Sculpture at Rome: Augmenting the Imperial Capital and Creating a Dynasty 377 Basilica Nova 377 Arch of Constantine 378 Constantinian church and tomb architecture in Rome 383 Silver Vessels in the Fourth Century CE 387 Mosaics 390 Conclusion 393 Epilogue: The Fall of Rome and the Rise of New Romes 394 Suggestions for Further Reading 399 Glossary 400 Guide to Further Reading 403 Index 406.