Preface Acknowledgements 1. Introduction African Americans and the Criminal Justice System The Uniqueness of Being Black in America: The need for a Black Criminology The African American Heritage A Black Criminology General Criminological Theories on African American Offending Social Disorganization Theory Hirschi''s Social Control Theory Gottfredson and Hirschi''s General Theory of Crime Strain Theories Merton''s Strain Theory Agnew''s General Strain Theory Aker''s Social Learning Theory Afrocentricity Conclusion 2. An African American Worldview The Basic Premise of our African American Theory of Offending The Racial Divide Evidence of a General Racial Divide Hurricane Katrina Does race matter? Success of the Civil Rights Movement Reparations and Race Relations The Racial Divide in Perceptions of the Criminal Justice System The Racial Divide in Support for the Death Penalty The Racial Divide in Perceptions of Injustice in the Criminal Justice System The Racial Divide in Support for the "War on Drugs" A Worldview that Is Shared Among All African Americans Why African Americans Share this Perception of the Criminal Justice System The Election of Barack Obama Perceived Racial Discrimination Would Employers Rather Hire Whites than African Americans? Perceived Racial Discrimination Conclusions 3. Perceptions of Criminal Justice Injustices and African American Offending Perceptions of Criminal Justice Injustices Why People Obey the Law Procedural Justice Legal Socialization Perceptions of Criminal Justice Injustices and Defiance Shame, Anger, and Defiance Hirschi''s Control Theory and the Bond of Belief Variations in African American Offending Variations in the Degree to which African Americans Perceive Criminal Justice Injustices Variations in Place Variations in Defiance Variations by Gender 4. Racial Discrimination, Negative Stereotypes, Stereotype Threats, and African American Offending Racial Discrimination and the General Well-Being of African Americans Racial Discrimination and African American Offending Racial Discrimination and Weak School Bonds Stereotypes of African Americans Prevailing Racial Stereotypes Stereotypes and Offending Stereotype Threat and Weak Social Bonds Stereotype Threats Stereotype Threat, Weak Bonds, and African American Offending Pejorative Stereotypes and Offending Summary Gender and Crime The Significance of Place Conclusions 5. Racial Socialization and African American Offending Introduction The Different Dimensions of Racial Socialization Cultural Socialization Preparation for Racial Bias Promotion of Mistrust Egalitarian Values Racial Socialization and Racial Identity Racial Identity and Offending Racial Socialization and Gender Racial Socialization and Social Bonds Racial Socialization and the Black Church Racial Socialization, Racial Discrimination, Hostility, Depression, and Offending Coping with Racism Our Theory on Racial Socialization and Offending Racial Socialization and Weak Bonds Gender and African American Offending Drugs, Gender, and Crime Racial Socialization, Place, and Offending Why Place Matters 6. A Theoretical Model of African American Offending The Unique Worldview of African Americans African American Offending and Criminal Justice Injustices Criminal Justice Injustices and Weakening the Restraints of the Rule of Law African American Offending and Racial Discrimination Negative Stereotypes Individual Offending Variations in Experiences with Racial Injustices Variations in Racial Socialization Our Theoretical Model of African American Offending Gender and African American Offending Place Matters Differences among African Americans Ethnicity and Immigration Status Colorism Conclusion Epilogue: Environmental Racism and African American Offending Introduction Environmental Racism The Empirical Research on Environmental Racism Race and Proximity to Environmental Toxins The Health Effects of Environmental Racism The Deleterious Consequences of Exposure to Lead Lead Exposure and Cognitive Impairment Lead Exposure and Education Lead Exposure and Crime Lead Exposure and African American Offending Environmental Racism and African American Offending Our Theory of African American Offending Environmental Racism and African American Offending Endnotes t;/P> Evidence of a General Racial Divide Hurricane Katrina Does race matter? Success of the Civil Rights Movement Reparations and Race Relations The Racial Divide in Perceptions of the Criminal Justice System The Racial Divide in Support for the Death Penalty The Racial Divide in Perceptions of Injustice in the Criminal Justice System The Racial Divide in Support for the "War on Drugs" A Worldview that Is Shared Among All African Americans Why African Americans Share this Perception of the Criminal Justice System The Election of Barack Obama Perceived Racial Discrimination Would Employers Rather Hire Whites than African Americans? Perceived Racial Discrimination Conclusions 3. Perceptions of Criminal Justice Injustices and African American Offending Perceptions of Criminal Justice Injustices Why People Obey the Law Procedural Justice Legal Socialization Perceptions of Criminal Justice Injustices and Defiance Shame, Anger, and Defiance Hirschi''s Control Theory and the Bond of Belief Variations in African American Offending Variations in the Degree to which African Americans Perceive Criminal Justice Injustices Variations in Place Variations in Defiance Variations by Gender 4.

Racial Discrimination, Negative Stereotypes, Stereotype Threats, and African American Offending Racial Discrimination and the General Well-Being of African Americans Racial Discrimination and African American Offending Racial Discrimination and Weak School Bonds Stereotypes of African Americans Prevailing Racial Stereotypes Stereotypes and Offending Stereotype Threat and Weak Social Bonds Stereotype Threats Stereotype Threat, Weak Bonds, and African American Offending Pejorative Stereotypes and Offending Summary Gender and Crime The Significance of Place Conclusions 5. Racial Socialization and African American Offending Introduction The Different Dimensions of Racial Socialization Cultural Socialization Preparation for Racial Bias Promotion of Mistrust Egalitarian Values Racial Socialization and Racial Identity Racial Identity and Offending Racial Socialization and Gender Racial Socialization and Social Bonds Racial Socialization and the Black Church Racial Socialization, Racial Discrimination, Hostility, Depression, and Offending Coping with Racism Our Theory on Racial Socialization and Offending Racial Socialization and Weak Bonds Gender and African American Offending Drugs, Gender, and Crime Racial Socialization, Place, and Offending Why Place Matters 6. A Theoretical Model of African American Offending The Unique Worldview of African Americans African American Offending and Criminal Justice Injustices Criminal Justice Injustices and Weakening the Restraints of the Rule of Law African American Offending and Racial Discrimination Negative Stereotypes Individual Offending Variations in Experiences with Racial Injustices Variations in Racial Socialization Our Theoretical Model of African American Offending Gender and African American Offending Place Matters Differences among African Americans Ethnicity and Immigration Status Colorism Conclusion Epilogue: Environmental Racism and African American Offending Introduction Environmental Racism The Empirical Research on Environmental Racism Race and Proximity to Environmental Toxins The Health Effects of Environmental Racism The Deleterious Consequences of Exposure to Lead Lead Exposure and Cognitive Impairment Lead Exposure and Education Lead Exposure and Crime Lead Exposure and African American Offending Environmental Racism and African American Offending Our Theory of African American Offending Environmental Racism and African American Offending Endnotes ions of Criminal Justice Injustices and African American Offending Perceptions of Criminal Justice Injustices Why People Obey the Law Procedural Justice Legal Socialization Perceptions of Criminal Justice Injustices and Defiance Shame, Anger, and Defiance Hirschi''s Control Theory and the Bond of Belief Variations in African American Offending V.