This book argues that Machiavelli's originality is to be attributed to his radical formulation of the Roman ideal of freedom as non-domination. Machiavelli uncovers the productive function of social conflict in establishing a new idea of popular power and its legal institutions that relativize the command of the state and check the abuses of the privileged groups in society. Henceforth, every legitimate form of government must at the same time be inscribed with its immanent critique and imminent subversion: the possibility of political form is conditioned by the possibility of changing it in an event of political revolution. The book argues that Machiavelli's new understanding of political freedom presupposes a revolutionary change in the way that history is conceived. Machiavelli changes the paradigm of action from the classical idea that virtue means to act in correspondence to what the times demand, to a modern idea of virtue where acting means going against the times in order to effect a radical new beginning. In so doing, Machiavelli becomes the first political philosopher of the event.