*=New to this Edition Each chapter ends with Writing and Reasoning, Review Notes, Key Terms, Notes, For Further Reading, and Online Resources. Preface CHAPTER 1. WHY PHILOSOPHY 1.1 Philosophy: The Quest for Understanding The Good of Philosophy Philosophical Terrain Details: Your Philosophical Beliefs Details: Main Divisions of Philosophy 1.2 Socrates and the Examined Life Portrait: Plato Then and Now: Socrates Café 1.3 Thinking Philosophically Reasons and Arguments Details: Valid and Invalid Argument Forms Reading Philosophy Portrait: Hypatia Fallacious Reasoning CHAPTER 2. THE PRE-SOCRATICS AND THE SOPHISTS 2.1 Thales and Anaximander 2.
2 Heraclitus Then and Now: The (Ancient) Theory of Evolution Portrait: Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans 2.3 Parmenides Details: Zeno''s Paradoxes 2.4 Democritus 2.5 Protagoras and the Sophists Then and Now: Moral Relativism and Tolerance Readings Aristotle: Metaphysics Aristotle: On the Heavens Heraclitus: Fragment Parmenides: On Nature Plato: "Theaetetus" CHAPTER 3. SOCRATES: AN EXAMINED LIFE 3.1 The Philosophical Gadfly 3.2 The Socratic Method Portrait: Early Women Philosophers: Themistoclea, Arignote, and Theano 3.3 Knowledge and Ignorance Details: Socrates in the Clouds 3.
4 Socrates'' Trial and Death Details: Socrates'' Last Minutes Then and Now: Your Examined/Unexamined Life Readings Xenophon: Symposium Plato: Symposium * Plato: Euthyphro Plato: The Republic Plato: Apology CHAPTER 4. PLATO: THE REALLY REAL 4.1 Plato''s Life and Times Portrait: Diotima of Mantinea 4.2 Knowledge and Reality Believing and Knowing Reason and the Forms Details: Critiques of the Forms Plato''s Rationalism Then and Now: Modern Platonism 4.3 Allegory of the Cave 4.4 Immortality, Morality, and the Soul The Immortal Soul The Three-Part Soul The Moral Soul Details: The Ring of Gyges 4.5 The Individual and the State Readings Plato: Meno Plato: Phaedo Plato: The Republic G.M.
A. Grube: Plato''s Thought Julia Annas: An Introduction to Plato''s Republic CHAPTER 5. ARISTOTLE: REASON AND NATURE 5.1 The Life of Aristotle Portrait: Aristotle and Alexander 5.2 Logic, Knowledge, and Truth Then and Now: Aristotle and Modern Science 5.3 Physics and Metaphysics Substance Change Cause Purpose Details: Aristotle''s God 5.4 Happiness, Virtue, and the Good Details: Aristotle''s Soul Readings J.L.
Ackrill, Aristotle the Philosopher Diogenes Laertius: Lives of the Philosophers Anthony Gottlieb: The Dream of Reason: A History of Philosophy from the Greeks to the Renaissance Aristotle: Metaphysics Aristotle: Posterior Analytics Aristotle: Physics Aristotle: Nicomachean Ethics CHAPTER 6. EASTERN THOUGHT 6.1 Hinduism Beginnings The Vedas Then and Now: The Caste System After the Vedas Hindu Philosophies Details: Hinduism and Modernity 6.2 Buddhism Buddhist Complexities The Buddha''s Teachings Portrait: The Buddha Then and Now: Buddhism and Science Details: Buddhism and Violence 6.3 Daoism 6.4 Confucianism Details: The Confucian Canon Readings Kalama Sutra Ajahn Sumedho Dhammacakapparattana Sutta Walpola Rahula: What the Buddha Thought The Chuang Tzu Tao-te Ching Analects John B. Noss: A History of the World''s Religions CHAPTER 7. THE HELLENISTIC ERA 7.
1 Epicurus 7.2 Epictetus Portrait: Lucretius 7.3 Sextus Empiricus Then and Now: Stoicism Today Details: The Self-Destruction of Skepticism Readings Epicurus: Letter to Menoeceus A.A. Long: Hellenistic Philosophers: Stoics, Epicureans, and Sceptics Epictetus: Encheiridion * Donald Robertson: Stoicism and the Art of Happiness Sextus Empiricus: Outlines of Pyrrhonism CHAPTER 8. THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD 8.1 Between Ancient and Modern 8.2 Augustine Truth The Hierarchy of Being Good and Evil 8.
3 Anselm and Aquinas Anselm Aquinas Details: Science and the Uncaused Universe 8.4 Avicenna and Maimonides Avicenna Maimonides Portrait: Averroës 8.5 Hildegard of Bingen 8.6 William of Ockham Then and Now: Modern Realism about Universals Readings Augustine: Confessions Augustine: On Free Will Anselm: Proslogium Immanuel Kant: Critique of Pure Reason Thomas Aquinas: Summa Theologica Hildegard: Causae et Curae Frederick Copleston: A History of Philosophy, Volume II: Medieval Philosophy: From Augustine to Duns Scotus 9. DESCARTES: DOUBT AND CERTAINTY 9.1 The Pursuit of Knowledge Then and Now: The Scientific (and Philosophical) Revolution 9.2 Plato''s Rationalism Details: Innate Ideas 9.3 Descartes'' Doubt Details: Living in the Matrix 9.
4 Descartes'' Certainty Portrait: René Descartes Reading René Descartes: Meditations on First Philosophy CHAPTER 10. FROM HOBBES TO HUME 10.1 Hobbes 10.2 Locke Then and Now: The Defeat of Relativism 10.3 Berkeley 10.4 Hume Portrait: David Hume 10.5 Spinoza Details: Russell on Spinoza 10.6 Leibniz Readings Thomas Hobbes: Leviathan John Locke: An Essay Concerning Human Understanding George Berkeley: Of the Principles of Human Knowledge David Hume: An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz: Discourse on Metaphysics CHAPTER 11.
KANT''S REVOLUTION 11.1 The Small-Town Genius 11.2 The Knowledge Revolution Portrait: Copernicus Then and Now: Conceptualizing the World 11.3 The Moral Law Ethics and Morality Details: Moral Relativism Kant''s Theory Readings Immanuel Kant: Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics Immanuel Kant: Critique of Pure ReasonImmanuel Kant: Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals CHAPTER 12. JOHN STUART MILL AND UTILITARIANISM 12.1 The Philosopher-Reformer 12.2 Mill''s Utilitarianism Portrait: Jeremy Bentham Details: Utilitarianism and the Golden Rule Then and Now: Utilitarianism and the Death Penalty 12.3 Critiques of the Theory Details: Mill''s View of Personal Freedom Readings * Harriet Taylor: Champion of Liberty John Stuart Mill: Utilitarianism CHAPTER 13.
HEGEL AND MARX 13.1 Hegel Portrait: Hegel 13.2 Marx Details: Einstein on Socialism Then and Now: Is the United States a Socialist Country? Readings Hegel: Lectures on the History of Philosophy Marx: The Communist Manifesto CHAPTER 14. EXISTENTIALISM 14.1 The Existential Tone 14.2 Kierkegaard 14.3 Nietzsche Details: Nietzsche: Myths and Rumors Portrait: Schopenhauer 14.4 Heidegger 14.
5 Sartre Portrait: Sartre Details: The Stir Caused by Sartre 14.6 Camus Then and Now: Existentialism in Literature and Film Readings Patrick Gardiner: Kierkegaard: A Very Short Introduction Søren Kierkegaard: Either/Or Søren Kierkegaard: The Point of View Søren Kierkegaard: Journal Søren Kierkegaard: Concluding Unscientific Postscript Friedrich Nietzsche: Thus Spake Zarathustra Friedrich Nietzsche: Beyond Good and Evil Friedrich Nietzsche: The Gay Science Martin Heidegger: The Basic Problems of Phenomenology Thomas R. Flynn: Existentialism: A Very Short Introduction Jean-Paul Sartre: Existentialism Albert Camus: The Myth of Sisyphus CHAPTER 15. THE PRAGMATISTS: PEIRCE AND JAMES 15.1 The Pragmatist Way 15.2 Peirce Details: Four Ways to Fix Belief 15.3 James Portrait: William James Then and Now: James and Indeterminism Readings William James: "Pragmatism" Charles Sanders Peirce: "How to Make Our Ideas Clear" William James: "The Will to Believe" Michael Martin: Atheism: A Philosophical Justification CHAPTER 16. FEMINIST PHILOSOPHERS 16.
1 Mary Wollstonecraft Portrait: Wollstonecraft 16.2 Simone de Beauvoir Then and Now: Innate Gender Differences? 16.3 Feminist Ethics Details: Ethics Terminology 16.4 Feminist Perspectives on Knowledge Readings Alison Ainley: "Feminist Philosophy" Louis M. Antony: "Embodiment and Epistemology" Mary Wollstonecraft: A Vindication of the Rights of Women Judith Thurman: Introduction to The Second Sex by Simone de Beauvoir Simone de Beauvoir: The Second Sex Alison Jaggar: "Feminist Ethics" Jan Crosthwaite: "Gender and Bioethics" Virginia Held: The Ethics of Care Annette C. Baier: "The Need for More Than Justice"Elizabeth Anderson: "Feminist Epistemology and Philosophy of Science" Eve Browning Cole: Philosophy and Feminist Criticism 17. THE CONTEMPORARY PERIOD * 17.1 Appiah: Cosmopolitanism * 17.
2 Nussbaum: Religious Tolerance * 17.3 Blum: Racism * 17.4 Martin Luther King, Jr.: Civil Rights * 17.5 Chalmers: Consciousness and Zombies * 17.6 Gardiner: Climate Change * 17.7 Derrida and Cixous: Deconstruction Readings Kwame Anthony Appiah: Cosmopolitanism: Ethics in a World of Strangers Martha Nussbaum: The New Religious Intolerance * Lawrence Blum: "I''m Not a Racist, But . " Martin Luther King, Jr.
, in A Testament of Hope Martin Luther King, Jr.: "Nonviolence and Racial Justice" Martin Luther King, Jr.: "Letter from a Birmingham Jail" * David Chalmer: The Conscious Mind * Stephen Gardiner: A Perfect Moral Storm Susan Sellers: The Hélène Cixous Reader CHAPTER 18. THE MEANING OF LIFE 18.1 The Search for Meaning 18.2 Pessimism: Life Has No Meaning 18.3 Optimism: Life Can Have Meaning Meaning from Above Details: Is Religion Necessary for a Meaningful Life? Meaning from Below Details: What Can and Cannot Give Life Meaning Readings Leo Tolstoy: My Confession Arthur Schopenhauer: On the Sufferings of the World Julian Baggini: What''s It All About? Paul Edwards: The Encyclopedia of Philosophy * Iddo Landau: Finding Meaning in an Imperfect World APPENDIX A: How to Write a Philosophy Paper APPENDIX B: Deductive and Inductive Arguments Glossary Credits Index of Marginal Quotations General Index.