Volume 2 Introduction x Unit Three: The Modern World 371 Themes: Modernization Globalization The differential of power Chapter 18: Spontaneous European Modernization: Phase One The Process of Change Begins 375 Simultaneous Revolutions: Phase I, New Trade Routes 376 Simultaneous Revolutions: Phase II, Biology and Europe 377 Simultaneous Revolutions: Phase III, Warfare, Politics, and Religion 380 Simultaneous Revolutions: Phase IV, Commerce 386 Simultaneous Revolutions: Phase V, the State 402 special topic: The Elizabethan Era 406 Suggested Reading 413 Chapter 19: The Differential of Power: Phase One The Americas and Africa 415 Ship Technology in 1500 416 Spain''s Rapid Success in the Americas after a Slow Start 422 special topic New Spain 422 A Hidden Agent in the Differential of Power: Disease 423 Native American Vulnerability 427 The Aztecs 429 The Incas 432 Brazil 433 Africa''s Indigenous Slave Tradition 35 special topic: The Middle Passage: The Transport of Slaves on the Trans-Atlantic Trip 436 The Arrival of Europe 439 The Sale of Slaves 441 Consequences of the Slave Trade 442 Suggested Reading 446 Chapter 20: Spontaneous European Modernization: Phase Two The Origins of Public Opinion, the Concept of Culture, and the Nation-State 447 Science, Knowledge, and Faith 447 The Scientific Revolution 449 Locke''s Philosophy and the Idea of Public Opinion 452 The Enlightenment 458 The Nation-State 470 The Ideology of Revolution 472 The French Revolution 474 Great Britain 478 Suggested Reading 482 Chapter 21: The Nation-State Diffusion of the French-British Model 484 The Central European Experience 485 Central Europeans and Internal Coherence 487 Suggested Reading 495 Chapter 22: The Differential of Power, Phase Two Ideology, Medicine, and Technology Redefine Global Power 497 The New Teleology 499 Nation-States and Industry 510 Suggested Reading 514 Chapter 23: Nation-State Formation outside Europe The United States and Japan 515 The United States 516 Japan 525 Suggested Reading 533 Chapter 24: Internal Divisions and Contradictions Russia and Latin America 534 Russia 534 Latin America 550 Suggested Reading 556 Chapter 25: In the Crosshairs of Modernity India and China 557 India 557 Late Imperial China: The Ming and Qing Dynasties 564 Suggested Reading 583 Chapter 26: Targets of Imperialism Africa and the Middle East 585 Africa 586 The Middle East 596 Suggested Reading 605 Unit Four: Global Violence and the Postmodern Era 607 Themes: Postmodern Era Decolonization Globalization Chapter 27: World War I The Consequences of Power 611 The Illusion of Progress 612 The Quest for Empire and the Habits of Violence 613 Danger Signs in the Short-War Phenomenon 615 Misunderstanding the Short-War Phenomenon 617 World War I: Total War, the Geographic Arena of Combat, Victory, and Defeat 618 Suggested Reading 623 Chapter 28: Totalitarianism The Soviet Union and Nazi Germany 624 Totalitarianism 625 The Soviet Union 625 special topic: Abandoned Marxism 631 special topic: The Versailles Treaty 634 Nazi Germany 634 Suggested Reading 641 Chapter 29: The Inheritors of Power The United States and Japan 642 The United States 642 Japan 647 Suggested Reading 655 Chapter 30: Decolonization Phase One 656 China''s Republican Revolution 656 India 663 The Middle East 665 Latin America 670 Suggested Reading 674 Chapter 31: World War II and the Beginning of the Cold War Expanding the Potential of Self-Destruction 676 World War II 676 special topic Mussolini''s Italy 681 Mass Murder: A New Dimension to Global Warfare 686 The Cold War: Redefining World Power after 1945 690 Suggested Reading 695 Chapter 32: Global Decolonization Phase Two 696 China 696 Japan 705 India 711 Africa 714 special topic: AIDS 721 The Middle East 722 Latin America 728 Suggested Reading 737 Chapter 33: The End of the Cold War and the Contemporary World The Complex Problems Facing a Multicultural Era 739 The End of the Cold War 739 special topic: The Legacy of Vietnam 743 The Contemporary World 745 Status, Freedom, and Equality 751 Population Dynamics 757 Suggested Reading 760 Credits C-1 Index I-1 MAPS The Columbian Exchange and the Slave Trade 374 The World Between World War I and II 610 The Imperial Era (1850-1914) 584 1945 to the Present 740.