Volume 1 Introduction x Unit OneThe Ancient World 1 Themes: The artificial existence of civilization The biology of civilization The geography of civilization The climate of civilization The relationship between belief and action Chapter 1: Biology and World History Civilization and Nomads 5 Climate 12 The Geography of Cultivation14 The Domestication of Animals20 Urban Development24 The Nomads27 Disease History28 Suggested Reading31 Chapter 2: Mesopotamia The Land between the Rivers 33 A Temple Economy34 The Causes of Trade35 Kings, War, and Ecocide37 The Art of Writing and Hammurabi''s Code39 The General Matrix of Civilization41 The Dawn of Religion: Creation Myths42 Iron and Mesopotamia44 The Hebrews47 The Emergence of Monotheism48 Suggested Readings51 Chapter 3: Pre-Islamic Africa Egyptian, Nilotic, and Sub-Saharan Africa 52 Egypt, the Gift of the Nile52 The Archaic Period (ca. 3100-2700 bce) and the Pyramid Age of the Old Kingdom (ca. 2700-2200 bce)57 The First Intermediate Period (ca. 2200-2000 bce) and the Middle Kingdom (ca. 2000-1786 bce)59 The Hyksos and Second Intermediate Period (ca. 1786-1575 bce) and the New Kingdom (ca. 1575-1050 bce)60 special topic: The Distant but Powerful Link between Pacific Currents and Egyptian Floods61 Egypt and the Iron Age 65 Nilotic Africa66 Sub-Saharan Africa70 Iron73 Suggested Reading75 Chapter 4: India From the Indus to the Ganges 76 Iron, Rice, and India 80 Indian Religions83 Religious Opposition87 The Maturation of India''s Faiths89 Suggested Reading90 Chapter 5: China The Yellow River Civilization 91 The Land and the People91 Mythological China93 The Bronze Age: The Xia, Shang, and Zhou Dynsties94 The Iron Age: Economic, Military, and Commercial Revolutions97 The Golden Age of Classical Chinese Philosophy98 China''s First Empire: The Qin and Han Dynasties102 Centers of Power within and beyond the Han Empire107 special topic: Lady Lu: Empress Dowager108 Suggested Reading110 Chapter 6: The Nomads'' trade and the Great Migrations 111 The First Wave of Mass Migrations: The Wheel, the Chariot, and Nomads112 A Second Wave of Migrations: The Iron Age118 Cavalry: The Third Wave of Migrations123 Suggested Reading126 Chapter 7: Greece The Rainfall Zone 127 Network Cities and the Special Case of Athens128 The Role of Coins in Athenian History131 The Limits of Democracy133 Sparta134 The Failure of Greek Politics135 Philip of Macedon, Alexander the Great, and the Hellenistic World136 Greek Philosophy138 Physics139 Math and Logic: Metaphysics140 Socrates and his Followers141 Drama143 The Origins of History145 Suggested Reading146 Chapter 8: The Hellenistic East and Persia A Cultural Bridge 147 The Hellenistic East147 Diffusion of Hellenism to the East149 Kings, Cities, and Soldiers151 Hellenistic Philosophy154 The Stoics157 One God, One Lord158 The Persians 160 The Persian Sassanian Empire (224-651 ce)164 Khusro I and the Height of the Sassanian Empire 168 Suggested Reading 169 Chapter 9: Rome From Citizenship to Imperial Rule 170 Part One: The Republic170 Part Two: The Empire176 Roman Society179 Roman Philosophy 181 Christianity183 Suggested Reading188 Chapter 10: Origins of Native American Cultures Geographic Isolation 189 Origins of the Americas'' First Cities192 Mesoamerica193 Teotihuacán195 The Maya196 South America198 Elsewhere in the Americas200 Suggested Reading201 Chapter 11: The Fall of the Ancient Eurasian World Rome, Han China, and Gupta India 203 Trade, Disease, and Religious Ideas 204 special topic: Manichaeism207 Internal Decay: The Roman Story207 special topic: Malaria210 special topic: Smallpox211 The Han Dynasty, 206 bce-220 ce214 Chaos and Religion: Buddhism and Daoism219 The Last Days of the Han221 Gupta India: The Great Exception222 The Nomads224 Suggested Reading227 Unit twoThe Middle Years 229 Themes: Culture Learned Shared Symbolic Integrated Chapter 12: The Rise of Islam The Ancient Near East Becomes the Middle East 233 The Prophecy233 The Pillars of Islam235 The Umma239 The Caliphs240 Suggested Reading245 Chapter 13: China in an Era of Recovery and Cultures on the fringe Korea, Japan, and the Mongols 246 China''s Second Empire: Sui and Tang Dynasties247 The Tang Dynasty, 618-907248 The Song Dynasty, 960-1127254 The Yuan Dynasty, 1279-1368: The Mongol Conquest of China259 Sinicization: The Influence of Chinese Culture on Korea, Japan, and Mongolia262 Korea263 Japan266 The Mongols: The End of Nomadism275 Suggested Reading279 Chapter 14: India and Islam An Era of Political Chaos 280 Internal Fragmentation282 The Arrival of Islam285 Hindu Revival287 Delhi Sultanate289 Dhimmis, Being Cared for by the Faithful290 Suggested Reading293 Chapter 15: The European Middle Ages The Failure of Tradition 294 Part One: The Early Middle Ages, 500-1000295 Part Two: The Byzantine Empire300 Part Three: Europe and the High Middle Ages, 1000-1300303 special topic: The Magna Carta311 Part Four: The Late Middle Ages, 1300-1450319 special topic: The Bubonic Plague321 special topic: Joan of Arc325 Part Five: The Renaissance328 Suggested Reading337 Chapter 16: Islamic Africa A Complex Pattern of Cultures 339 Corporate Lineage and State Formation after 500340 Muslim Africa341 special topic: Abu Abdullah Mohammed Battuta343 South Africa352 Suggested Reading353 Chapter 17: The Americas A Time of Trouble 355 The Toltecs357 The Aztecs 359 special topic: Ixiptla: An Aztec God-Representative362 The Incas363 North America366 The Unmistakable Influence of Isolation370 Suggested Reading370 CreditsC-1 IndexI-1 MAPS Original Agricultural Sites4 The World from 200 BCE-200 CE32 The World from 200 CE-500 CE202 The World from the Death of Mohammed, 632-750 CE232 World Civilizations and Empires (circa 1500 CE)354.