This publication reviews all the literature used to inform the groundbreaking More than a language¿ report of the NIACE inquiry into ESOL. It illuminates the changing demographic profile of adult speakers of other languages. It then examines whether contemporary ESOL equips these adults with the English language they need to make life choices and contribute fully to the economic, social, cultural and political life of the nation. This report concentrates on ESOL in the context of the Skills for Life policy in England. It is relevant for Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland which are also experiencing increased migration with consequent population shifts and demand for English language development.