Preface ix Acknowledgments xi 1 Peer Relationships and Bullying Over the Years 1 Peer Relationships in Infancy, Toddlerhood, and Early Childhood 2 Peer Relationships in Middle and Late Childhood 4 Peer Relationships in Adolescence 5 Role of Digital Technology in Peer Relationships 8 Bullying and Cyberbullying 11 References 15 2 Digital Media Use: The Early Years 23 What Is Digital Media and Technology? 24 Evolution of Digital Media and Technology 24 Digital Media Use from Infancy to Childhood 28 Research Methods and Terminology 32 Effects of Digital Media Use on Child Development 34 Parent Media Practices and Joint Media Engagement 36 Summary 39 References 40 3 Digital Media Use: The Preteen and Teenage Years 45 Digital Media Use Among Preteens and Teens 45 Smartphone Use 48 Effects of Digital Media Use 49 Digital Media Use and Youth Mental Health 50 Digital Media Use and Youth Physical Health 54 Digital Media Use and Youth Academic Performance 56 Benefits of Digital Media Use 58 Summary 59 References 60 4 Cyberbullying and Other Forms of Cyber Aggression 67 Impact of Cyberbullying 73 Why Do Youth Engage in Cyberbullying? 75 Risk and Protective Factors 79 Risk and Protective Factors for Being Cyberbullied 81 Risk and Protective Factors for Cyberbullying Others 84 Digital Self-Harm 85 References 88 5 Helping Children Navigate Social and Digital Life 95 Supporting Social-Emotional Competencies and Building Positive Peer Relationships 95 Promoting Safe Media Use 99 Model Responsible Behavior on Social Media 99 Promote Healthy Online Use 100 Talk About Online Lives 100 Co-use Media 101 Engage in Active Mediation 102 Support Youth to Engage in Bystander Intervention in Online Spaces 104 Set Limits 105 Deciding If and When to Give a Child a Smartphone 106 Setting Rules About Digital Technology Use 107 Monitor Use 109 Resources for Parents and Educators 110 References 112 6 Families Role in Recognizing and Responding to Problematic Online Behaviors 117 Warning Signs 118 Responding to Cyberbullying Involvement 123 Responding to Problematic Social Media Use and Gaming 126 Outside Interventions for Problematic Online Behavior 128 Responding to Digital Self-Harm 130 Summary 130 References 131 7 Schools'' Role in Preventing Cyberbullying and Other Forms of Cyber Aggression 135 The Importance of Schools and Family Involvement in Cyberbullying Prevention 136 What Is a Multi-tiered Support System? 137 Social and Emotional Learning and School-wide Digital Citizenship Programs 138 Positive Behavior Intervention Support 147 School-wide and Classroom-wide Mindfulness Programs 150 Restorative Justice Approaches 151 Trauma-Informed Programs 152 Summary 153 References 154 8 School-Family Partnership 159 Communicating with the School 159 Whom Should I Contact at the School If My Child Is Being Cyberbullied? 160 What Information Should I Share? 161 What Should I Expect from the School? 163 The Bullying Is Still Happening: How Can I Best Advocate for My Child? 165 How Can I Work with the School If My Child Is Cyberbullying Others? 167 How Can I Work with the School If My Child Is a Bystander of Cyberbullying? 168 How Educators Can Best Partner with Families? 169 Engage in Effective Two-Way Communication 169 Focus on Shared Decision-Making 171 References 174 9 Legal Implications: Problematic Online Behavior and the Law 179 Federal Laws for Harassment 179 State Laws and School District Policies for Cyberbullying 181 Civil Law Regarding Cyberbullying 183 Davis v. Monroe County Board of Education (1999) 184 J.S. v. Bethlehem Area School District (2002) 184 Tinker v. Des Moines Independent School District (1969) 184 When Should School Districts Intervene? 185 Criminal Cyberbullying Behaviors 186 Sexting 187 Legal Implications of Sexting 188 Responding to Sexting 189 Online Predators 190 Summary 191 References 192 10 International Efforts to Address Cyberbullying and Other Forms of Cyber Aggression 195 Global Trends of Cyberbullying 195 International Digital Citizenship and Parenting Practices 196 Laws and Policies on Internet and Device Use Across the Globe 199 DCE Across the Globe 199 DCE in Europe 200 DCE in Asia and the Global South 204 Summary 209 References 209 Subject Index 215.