About the author Preface Acknowledgements List of Symbols Whom This Book Is Written For To the Instructor Chapter 1: Sources & Types of Soil and Groundwater Contamination 1.1 Uses of Surface Water vs. Groundwater 1.2 Groundwater Quantity vs. Groundwater Quality 1.3 Major Factors Affecting Groundwater Quality 1.4 Soil and Groundwater Contaminant Sources in the U.S.
1.4.1 Superfund Sites and Brownfields 1.4.2 RCRA Facilities and Underground Storage Tanks 1.4.3 DoD/DoE Sites 1.5 Contaminated Soil and Groundwater: A Global Perspective 1.
6 Soil and Groundwater Remediation 1.6.1 Unique Challenges Relative to Air and Surface Water Pollution 1.6.2 Scope of Environmental Remediation Box 1.1 Interactions between Surafce Water and Groundwater Box 1.2 The Love Canal Tragedy Box 1.3 Superfund Sites: How Many? What Matrices? What Contaminants Box 1.
4 Superfund Sites vs. Brownfield Sites Chapter 2: Subsurface Contaminant Fate and Transport 2.1 Frequent Soil and Groundwater Contaminants 2.1.1 Aliphatic and Aromatic Hydrocarbons 2.1.2 Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons 2.1.
3 Halogenated Aromatic Hydrocarbons 2.1.4 Nitrogen Containing Organic Compounds 2.1.5 Oxygenated Organic Compounds 2.1.6 Sulfur and Phosphorous Containing Compounds 2.1.
7 Inorganic Non-Metals, Metals, and Radionuclides 2.2 Abiotic and Biotic Chemical Fate Processes 2.2.1 Hydrolysis 2.2.2 Oxidation and Reduction 2.2.3 Biodegradation 2.
3 Inter-Phase Chemical Transport 2.3.1 Volatilization 2.3.2 Solubilization, Precipitation and Dissolution 2.3.2.1 Solubility and Solubility Product for Inorganic Compounds 2.
3.2.2 Solubility and Kow for Organic Compounds 2.3.3 Sorption and Desorption 2.4 Intraphase Chemical Movement 2.4.1 Advection 2.
4.2 Dispersion and Diffusion Box 2.1 Emerging Soil and Groundwater Contaminants Box 2.2 Biodegradation of 2,4-DNT: Biotransformation vs. Mineralization Box 2.3 Henry''s Law Constant: How Volatile is Volatile? Box 2.4 Practically Useful Guidelines for Chemical Properties Chapter 3: Soil and Groundwater Hydrogeology 3.1 Soil Composition and Properties 3.
1.1 Constituents of Soils 3.1.2 Soil Physical and Chemical Properties 3.2 Basic Concepts of Aquifer and Wells 3.2.1 Vertical Distribution of Aquifer 3.2.
2 Groundwater Well and Well Nomenclature 3.2.3 Hydrogeological Parameters 3.2.3.1 Specific Yield and Specific Retention 3.2.3.
2 Hydraulic Conductivity and Permeability 3.2.3.3 Transmissivity and Storativity 3.3 Groundwater Movement 3.3.1 Flow in Saturated Zone 3.3.
2 Flow in Unsaturated Zone 3.3.3 Flow to Wells in a Steady-State Confined Aquifer 3.3.4 Flow to Wells in a Steady-State Unconfined Aquifer 3.3.5 Flow of Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid Box 3.1 Soil Clays: Essential for Soil Fertility and Useful as Landfill Liners Box 3.
2 Groundwater Well Nomenclature Box 3.3 Bernoulli''s Equation: What is Head and Hydraulic Head? Chapter 4: Legal, Economical, and Risk Assessment Considerations 4.1 Soil and Groundwater Protection Laws 4.1.1 Relevant Soil and Groundwater Laws in the U.S. 4.1.
1.1 Safe Drinking Water Act 4.1.1.2 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 4.1.1.3 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act 4.
1.1.4 Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendment 4.1.1.5 Superfund Amendment and Reauthorization Act 4.1.1.
6 Small Business Liability Relief and Brownfields Revitalization Act 4.1.2 Framework of Environmental Laws in Other Countries 4.2 Cost Constraints in Remediation 4.2.1 Remediation Cost Elements 4.2.2 Basis for Remediation Cost Estimates 4.
2.3 Cost Comparisons among Remediation Alternatives 4.3 Risk-Based Remediation 4.3.1 How Clean Is Clean 4.3.2 Estimate Environmental Risk from Carcinogenic Compounds 4.3.
3 Estimate Environmental Risk from Non-Carcinogenic Compounds 4.3.4 Determine Risk-Based Clean-up Levels for Soil and Groundwater 4.3.4.1 Determining Maximum Concentration in Drinking Water and Air 4.4.4.
2 Determining Allowable Soil Clean-up Level 4.3.4.3 Risk Involving Multimedia Box 4.1 Basic Terms Relevant to Environmental Legislature Box 4.2 Engineering Economics in Environmental Remediation Box 4.3 What Is the Cleanup Risk Tolerance? When to Stop Remediation? Box 4.4 The ASTM Procedure for Risk Assessment Chapter 5: Site Characterization for Groundwater Remediation 5.
1 General Consideration of Site Characterization 5.1.1 Objectives and Scope of Site Characterization 5.1.2 Basic Steps: Phase I, II and III Assessment 5.2 Soil and Geologic Characterization 5.2.1 Stratigraphy, Lithology and Structural Geology 5.
2.2 Direct Drilling Methods 5.2.3 Drive Method Using Cone Penetrometer 5.2.4 Indirect Geophysical Methods 5.3 Hydrogeologic Site Investigation 5.3.
1 Well Installation, Development and Purging 5.3.2 Hydraulic Head and Flow Direction 5.3.2.1 Methods to Measure Hydraulic Head 5.3.2.
2 Groundwater Flow Direction 5.3.3 Aquifer Tests to Estimate Hydraulic Conductivity 5.4 Environmental Sampling and Aanlysis 5.4.1 Common Soil Samplers 5.4.2 Groundwater Sampling 5.
4.3 Vadose Zone Soil Gas and Water Sampling 5.4.4 Instruments for Chemical Analysis Box 5.1 Site Assessment: Who Does the Work and What to Expect? Chapter 6: Overview of Remediation Options 6.1 Types of Remediation Technologies 6.1.1 Classifications of Remediation Technologies 6.
1.2 Common and Frequently Used Remediation Technologies 6.1.3 Technologies from Contaminant Perspectives 6.2 Development of and Selection Remediation Technologies 6.2.1 Remedial Investigation/Remedial Feasibility Study 6.2.
2 Remediation Technologies Screening and Selection Criteria 6.2.3 Green and Sustainable Remediation 6.3 A Snapshot of Remediation Technologies 6.3.1 Description of Various Treatments 6.3.2 Treatment Trains Box 6.
1 Institutional (Non-Engineered) Controls for Site Remediation Box 6.2 Radioactive Wastes: It Is Not Just NIMBY, It Is NOPE! Chapter 7: Pump and Treat 7.1 General Applications of Conventional Pump-and-Treat 7.1.1 Contaminant Removal vs. Hydraulic Containment 7.1.2 Schemes of Injection / Extraction Well Placement 7.
2 Design of Pump-and-Treat Systems 7.2.1 Capture Zone Analysis of Pump-and-Treat Optimization 7.2.2 Aboveground Treatment of Contaminated Groundwater 7.2.2.1 General Treatment Technologies Available 7.
2.2.2 Design Consideration for Air Stripping 7.2.2.3 Design Consideration for Activated Carbon 7.3 Pump-and-Treat Limitations and Alterations 7.3.
1 Residual Saturations of Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid 7.3.2 Tailing and Rebound Problems 7.3.3 Alterations of Conventional Pump-and-Treat Box 7.1 Comparison of Sustainability: Horizontal vs. Vertical Drilling Box 7.2 Hydraulic Fracturing: The Good and Bad Box 7.
3 Green Remediation and BMPs in Pump-and-Treat Case Study The Marine Corp Air Station, Camp Lejenue, NC, USA Chapter 8: Soil Vapor Extraction and Air Sparging 8.1 General Applications and Limitations of Vapor Extraction 8.1.1 Process Description and System Components 8.1.2 Chemical and Geologic Parameters Affecting Vapor Extraction 8.1.3 Pros and Cons of Vapor Extraction and Air Sparging 8.
2 Soil Vapor Behavior and Gas Flow in Subsurface 8.2.1 Air Flow Patterns in Subsurface 8.2.2 Vapor Equilibrium and Thermodynamics 8.2.3 Kinetics of Volatilization, Vapor Diffusion, and NAPL Diffusion 8.2.
3 Darcy''s Law for Advective Vapor Flow 8.3 Design for Vapor Extraction and Air Sparging Systems 8.3.1 Quantitative Analysis for the Appropriateness of Soil Venting 8.3.2 Well Number, Flow Rate and Well Location 8.3.3 Other Design Considerations Box 8.
1 Hydraulic Conductivity, Intrinsic and Air Permeability Box 8.2 Computer Models to Assist SVE Design: Hyperventilate Box 8.3 Green Remediation and BMPs for SVE and Air Sparging Case Study The Fairchild Superfund Site, Mountain View, CA, USA Chapter 9: Bioremediation and Environmental Biotechnology 9.1 Principles of Bioremediation and Biotechnology 9.1.1 Microorganisms and Microbial Growth 9.1.2 Reaction Stoichiometry and Kinetics 9.
1.3 Biodegradation Potentials and Pathways 9.1.4 Optimal Conditions for Bioremediation 9.2 Process Description of Bioremediation and Biotechnologies 9.2.1 In-Situ Bioremediation 9.2.
2 Ex-Situ Biological Treatment 9.2.3 Sanitary Landfills 9.2.4 Phytoremediation and Constructed Wetland 9.3 Design Consideration and Cost-Effectiveness 9.3.1 General Design Rationales 9.
3.2 Cost-Effectiveness Case Studies Box 9.1 Environmental Biotechnology Box 9.2 Superbugs and Genetically Modified Bacteria Box 9.3 Phytoremediation in Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, Soviet Union Box 9.4 Green Remediation Best Management Practices for Bioremediation Case Study 1 Bioventing at Hill Air Force Base, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA Case Study 2 Pilot-Scale Bioslurry Reactors for Explosive Reme.