List of Case Studies xiii List of Boxes xiv Preface xvi New in the Second Edition xviii About the Author xxi Whom This Book Is Written For xxii To the Instructor xxiii Acknowledgments xxiv List of Symbols xxvi 1 Introduction to Environmental Data Acquisition 1 1.1 Introduction 2 1.1.1 Importance of Scientifically Reliable and Legally Defensible Data 3 1.1.2 Sampling Error vs. Analytical Error During Data Acquisition 4 1.2 Environmental Sampling 9 1.

2.1 Scope of Environmental Sampling 9 1.2.2 Where, When, What, How, and How Many 9 1.3 Environmental Analysis 9 1.3.1 Uniqueness of Modern Environmental Analysis 10 1.3.

2 Classical and Modern Analytical and Monitoring Techniques 11 Chapter Themes 13 References 13 Questions 14 Problems 15 2 Basics of Analytical and Organic Chemistry 16 2.1 Basic Concepts from Analytical Chemistry 17 2.1.1 Concentration Units 17 2.1.2 Analytical Precision, Accuracy, and Recovery 21 2.1.3 Detection Limit and Quantitation Limit 23 2.

1.4 Standard Solution and Standard Calibration Curve 25 2.2 Basic Concepts from Organic Chemistry 27 2.2.1 Types of Organic Functional Groups 28 2.2.2 Important Environmental Organic Pollutants 32 2.2.

3 Physical Properties Relevant to Environmental Analysis 43 2.2.4 Regulations Governing the Analysis of Environmental Pollutants 45 Chapter Themes 47 References 48 Questions 49 Problems 51 3 Basics of Environmental Data Validation and Analysis 55 3.1 Measurements of Central Tendency and Dispersion 56 3.2 Understanding Probability Distributions 59 3.2.1 Normal (Gaussian) Distribution and Probability 59 3.2.

2 Student''s t Distribution and Confidence Interval 61 3.2.3 F-distribution and Analysis of Variance 63 3.2.4 Nonparametric Tests When Normality Is Not Satisfied 64 3.3 Hypothesis Testing and Type I and II Errors 65 3.4 Detection of Outliers 67 3.4.

1 z-test 67 3.4.2 Grubbs''s Test 67 3.4.3 Dixon''s Test 68 3.5 Analysis of Censored Data 72 3.6 Analysis of Spatial and Time Series Data 77 Chapter Themes 80 References 81 Questions 82 Problems 83 4 Environmental Sampling Design 87 4.1 Planning and Sampling Protocols 88 4.

1.1 Data Quality Objectives 88 4.1.2 Basic Considerations of Sampling Plan 90 4.2 Sampling Environmental Population 91 4.2.1 Where (Space) and When (Time) to Sample 91 4.2.

2 Obtain Representative Samples from Various Matrices 92 4.3 Environmental Sampling Approaches: Where and When 95 4.3.1 Non-Statistically Based Haphazard and Judgmental Sampling 95 4.3.2 Simple Random Sampling 96 4.3.3 Stratified Random Sampling 97 4.

3.4 Systematic Sampling 100 4.3.5 Composite Sampling 103 4.3.6 Incremental Sampling 103 4.3.7 Line and Point Transect Sampling 104 4.

4 Estimating Sample Numbers and Sampling Frequencies 108 4.4.1 How Many Samples Are Needed 108 4.4.2 How Frequent Samples Are Collected 110 Chapter Themes 112 References 113 Questions 115 Problems 116 5 Environmental Sampling Techniques 120 5.1 General Guidelines of Environmental Sampling Techniques 121 5.1.1 Sequence of Sampling Matrices and Analytes 121 5.

1.2 Sample Amount 121 5.1.3 Sample Preservation and Storage 123 5.1.4 Selection of Sample Containers 126 5.1.5 Selection of Sampling Equipment 127 5.

2 Grab Sampling Techniques for Various Media: Practical Approaches and Tips 136 5.2.1 Surface Water and Wastewater Sampling 136 5.2.2 Groundwater Sampling 138 5.2.3 Soil and Sediment Sampling 143 5.2.

4 Hazardous Waste Sampling 145 5.2.5 Biological Sampling 146 5.2.6 Air and Stack Emission Sampling 146 5.3 Time-Integrated Sampling and Sensing Techniques 148 5.3.1 Passive Samplers 148 5.

3.2 Automated Samplers 152 5.3.3 In Situ Sensors 153 5.3.4 Remote Sensing 153 Chapter Themes 153 References 154 Questions 156 Problems 158 6 Methodology and Quality Assurance/Quality Control of Environmental Analysis 159 6.1 Overview on Standard Methodologies 160 6.1.

1 The US EPA Methods for Air, Water, Wastewater, and Hazardous Waste 160 6.1.2 Other Applicable Methods: APHA/ASTM/ OSHA/NIOSH/USGS/AOAC 164 6.1.3 An Overview of Methodologies in Other Countries 168 6.2 Selection of Standard Methods 169 6.2.1 Methods for Sample Preparation 170 6.

2.2 Methods for Physical, Biological, and General Chemical Parameters 171 6.2.3 Methods for Volatile Organic Compounds 172 6.2.4 Methods for Semivolatile Organic Compounds 173 6.2.5 Methods for Other Contaminants of Emerging Concerns 173 6.

3 Field Quality Assurance/Quality Control 175 6.3.1 Types of Field QA/QC Samples 175 6.3.2 Numbers of Field QA/QC Samples 177 6.4 Analytical Quality Assurance/Quality Control 177 6.4.1 Quality Control Procedures for Sample Preparation 177 6.

4.2 Quality Control Procedures During Analysis 179 Chapter Themes 185 References 186 Questions 187 Problems 189 7 Wet Chemical and Field Methods for Common Environmental Parameters 191 7.1 Basic Operations in Environmental Laboratories 192 7.1.1 Labware Cleaning Protocols for Trace Analysis 192 7.1.2 Chemical Reagent Purity, Standard, and Reference Materials 193 7.1.

3 Volumetric Glassware and Calibration 196 7.1.4 Laboratory Health, Safety, and Emergency First Aid 198 7.1.5 Waste Handling and Disposal 199 7.2 Wet Chemical Methods and Common Techniques in Environmental Analysis 200 7.2.1 Gravimetric and Volumetric Wet Chemical Methods 200 7.

2.2 Common Laboratory Techniques 201 7.3 Analytical Principles for Common Wet Chemical Methods 204 7.3.1 Moisture in Solid and Biological Samples 204 7.3.2 Solids in Water, Wastewater, and Sludge: TS, TSS, TDS, TVS 205 7.3.

3 Acidity, Alkalinity, and Hardness of Waters 208 7.3.4 Oxygen Demand in Water and Wastewater: DO, BOD, and COD 211 7.3.5 Oil and Grease in Water and Wastewater 216 7.3.6 Residual Chlorine and Chloride in Drinking Water 216 7.3.

7 Ammonia in Wastewater 219 7.3.8 Cyanide in Water, Wastewater, and Soil Extract 220 7.3.9 Sulfide in Water and Waste 220 7.4 Field Monitoring Testing Kits and Sensors 221 7.4.1 Field Monitoring of Water Quality Parameters 221 7.

4.2 Field Monitoring of Ambient Air Quality 222 7.4.3 Field Monitoring of Soil Quality 223 Chapter Themes 224 References 224 Questions 225 Problems 226 8 Fundamentals of Sample Preparation for Environmental Analysis 229 8.1 Overview of Sample Preparation 230 8.1.1 Purpose of Sample Preparation 230 8.1.

2 Overview and Recent Development of Sample Preparation 231 8.2 Sample Preparation for Metal Analysis 233 8.2.1 Total Metals and Metals in Various Species 233 8.2.2 Digestion Methods for Total Metal Analysis 234 8.2.3 Speciation of Metals in Water, Soil, and Sediment 237 8.

3 Extraction for SVOC and Non-VOC from Liquid or Solid Samples 240 8.3.1 Separatory Funnel and Continuous Liquid-Liquid Extraction (LLE) 240 8.3.2 Soxhlet and Automatic Soxhlet Extraction (Soxtec) 244 8.3.3 Solid Phase Extraction 244 8.3.

4 Solid Phase Microextraction and Stir-Bar Sorptive Extraction 245 8.3.5 Ultrasonic Extraction and Microwave-Assisted Extraction 247 8.3.6 Pressured Fluid Extraction 248 8.3.7 Supercritical Fluid Extraction 248 8.3.

8 Comparison and Selection of Organic Extraction Methods 249 8.4 Sample Preparation for VOC in Liquid and Solid Samples 251 8.4.1 Dynamic Headspace Extraction (Purge-and-Trap) 251 8.4.2 Static Headspace Extraction 252 8.4.3 Azeotropic and Vacuum Distillation 253 8.

5 Post-Extraction Cleanup of Organic Compounds 255 8.5.1 Theories and Operation Principles of Various Cleanup Methods 255 8.5.2 Recommended Cleanup Method for Selected Compounds 256 8.6 Derivatization for GC and HPLC Analysis 257 Chapter Themes 260 References 260 Questions 262 Problems 263 9 Molecular Spectroscopic Methods in Environmental Analysis 264 9.1 An Introduction to Molecular Spectroscopy 265 9.1.

1 Understanding the Interactions of Various Radiations with Matter 265 9.1.2 Use of UV-Visible/Infrared Absorption Spectra for Qualitative Analysis 267 9.1.3 Use of Beer-Lambert''s Law for Quantitative Analysis 268 9.2 UV-Visible Spectroscopy 271 9.2.1 Principles of UV-Visible Spectroscopy 272 9.

2.2 UV-Visible Instrumentation 281 9.2.3 UV-Visible as a Workhorse in Environmental Analysis 282 9.2.4 Practical Aspects of UV-Visible Spectrometry 284 9.3 Infrared Spectroscopy 286 9.3.

1 Principles of Infrared Spectroscopy 286 9.3.2 Instruments of Infrared Spectroscopy 292 9.3.3 Applications in Industrial Hygiene and Air Pollution Monitoring 294 9.3.4 Sample Preparations for Infrared Spectroscopic Analysis 296 9.4 Raman Spectrometry 296 9.

5 Photoluminescence and Chemiluminescence 299 Chapter Themes 300 References 301 Questions 302 Problems 305 10 Atomic Spectroscopy for Metal Analysis 306 10.1 Int.