Notes on Contributors vii Acknowledgements xiii Preface xv I Linking Themes, Paradigms, and Methods 1 Identifying Research Paradigms 3 Zhu Hua 2 Studying Culture 23 Adrian Holliday 3 Studying Identity 37 Jo Angouri 4 Studying Discourse 53 Leila Monaghan II Key Issues and Challenges 5 How to Identify Research Questions 73 Zhu Hua, Prue Holmes, Tony Young, and Jo Angouri 6 How to Research Multilingually: Possibilities and Complexities 88 Prue Holmes, Richard Fay, Jane Andrews, and Mariam Attia 7 How to Research Interculturally and Ethically 103 Jane Woodin 8 How to Assess Intercultural Competence 120 Darla K. Deardorff 9 How to Work with Research Participants: The Researcher's Role 135 Fred Dervin 10 How to Develop a Research Proposal 147 Jane Jackson III Methods 11 Questionnaires and Surveys 165 Tony Johnstone Young 12 Interviews 181 Barbara Gibson and Zhu Hua 13 The Matched-Guise Technique 196 Ruth Kircher 14 Discourse Completion Tasks 212 Emma Sweeney and Zhu Hua 15 The Critical Incident Technique 223 Helen Spencer-Oatey and Claudia Harsch 16 Ethnography 239 Jane Jackson 17 Virtual Ethnography 255 Aoife Lenihan and Helen Kelly-Holmes 18 Multimodality 268 Agnieszka Lyons 19 Critical Discourse Analysis 281 John P. O'Regan and Anne Betzel 20 Conversation Analysis 297 Adam Brandt and Kristian Mortensen 21 Corpus Analysis 311 Michael Handford 22 Narrative Analysis 327 Anna De Fina Index 343.