Preface Acknowledgements List of Maps and Plates Note on Spelling and Transliteration Introduction 1 The Emergence and Institutionalization of Central Authority over the uruq and uruq -Linked Institutions 1 Al-Bakriyya and Its Leaders 2 The Niqabat al-Ashraf 3 The Arbab al-Sajajid 4 The uruq 5 The Formalization of al-Bakri''s Authority and Muammad Ali''s Policy 6 The Shrine- and Takiya -Based uruq 7 uruq without Material Assets 8 The Takaya and Zawaya 9 The Appointment of Muammad al-Bakri as Naqib al-Ashraf and Its Implications 10 Demarcation of Authority: The Agreement with al-Azhar 11 The Early Phase of the uruq Administration 12 Summary 2 The uruq Realm, the Principle of Right of Qadam , the Nature and Functioning of the uruq Administration 1 The Genesis of the Principle of Right of Qadam 2 Al-Bakri''s Authority over the uruq and the Principle of Right of Qadam 3 The uruq Administration and the Government 4 Conflicts about Right of Qadam and Their Resolution 5 The Ashraf as ariqa Officials 6 Conflicts Not Related to Qadam 7 The Mawalid and the uruq 8 The Shrines 9 The Mawlid al-Nabi Celebrations 10 Additional Mawalid and Other Celebrations Organized and Supervised by al-Bakri 11 The Processions of the Kiswa , the Mamal and the Laylat al-Ruya 12 The uruq Involved 13 Al-Bakri''s Administration and the akaya 14 Al-Bakri''s Administration, the Cairene Shrines and Their Intendants 15 The Nature and Scope of al-Bakri''s Authority 16 Demands for Reforms 17 Summary 3 The Crisis of Authority 1 The Circular of 1881, Its Contents, Implications and Consequences 2 The Inadequate Maintenance of Rights of Qadam 3 The New uruq , Their Leaders, Their Spread, Their Recognition 4 Secessionist uruq 5 The Changing Area of Authority and the Decline of Its Legitimacy 6 The Urabi Insurrection and ariqa Involvement 7 Summary 4 The Promulgation of the Regulations for the uruq , Their History and Contents 1 Muammad Tawfiq al-Bakri and the Early Re-assertion of Authority 2 The Regulations of 1895 3 The Amended Regulations of 1903 4 uruq without Official Status 5 The Internal Regulations of 1905 6 The Reformist Calls for Ila of the uruq 7 Opposition to and Acceptance of the Internal Regulations 8 Status Changes of the uruq 9 The Political Activities of Muammad Tawfiq al-Bakri 10 Summary Epilogue Appendix 1: Translation of the Firman Issued by Muammad Ali, Viceroy of Egypt, Investing Muammad Efendi al-Bakri with Authority over the uruq and uruq -Linked Institutions Appendix 2: Translation of the Madar Setting out the Demarcation of the Areas of Authority of the Shaykh al-Sajjada al-Bakriyya , Muammad Efendi al-Bakri, and the Shaykh al-Azhar , Ibrahim al-Bayjuri Appendix 3: Translation of a Circular Issued by the Shaykh al-Bakri to All the Chiefs of the Religious Sects Appendix 4: Translation of the Regulations for the uruq ( Laiat al-uruq al-ufiyya ) of 1895 Appendix 5: Translation of the Amended Regulations for the uruq ( Laiat al-uruq al-ufiyya ) of 1903 Appendix 6: Translation of the Internal Regulations for the uruq (al-Laiat al-Dakhiliyya li-l-uruq al-ufiyya) of 1905 Appendix 7a: The Genealogy of Muammad Abu l-Suud al-Bakri Appendix 7b: Descendants of Muammad Abu l-Suud al-Bakri Down to the Early 20th Century Appendix 8: Names of Persons Who Held the Supreme Authority Position over the Bakri Family and the Bakriyya Order in Ottoman Egypt Appendix 9: Appointees to the Niqabat al-Ashraf from ca. 1750 until 1911 Bibliography Index of Arabic and Turkish Terms Index of Personal Names Index of Place Names General Index.