ContentsPART I INTRODUCTION AND PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW1 Empowering European families by use of party autonomy 2Wendy M. Schrama, Vanessa Wilcox and Christiane Wendehorst2 Private international law at EU level 12Vanessa Wilcox, Wendy Schrama and Marieke OderkerkPART II COUNTRY REPORTS3 Austria 26Marianne Roth and Elmar Buchstätter4 Belgium 58Thalia Kruger and Frederik Swennen5 Bulgaria 77Velina Todorova6 Croatia 98Ines Medic and Branka Resetar7 Cyprus 119Nikitas E. Hatzimihail8 Czech Republic 131Lenka Westphalová9 Denmark 148Annette Kronborg10 Estonia 158Karin Sein and Triin Uusen-Nacke11 Finland 176Katja Karjalainen and Salla Silvola12 Germany 190Nina Dethloff, Dieter Martiny and Susanne Lilian Gössl13 Greece 217Elina N. Moustaira14 Hungary 231Orsolya Szeibert15 Ireland 248Geoffrey Shannon and Patricia Brazil16 Italy 268Isabella Ferrari and Maria Donata Panforti17 Latvia 291Irena Kucina, Kristine Zile, Alise Reide and Anna Skrjabina18 Malta 305Francesca Portelli and Christine Bellizzi19 Poland 318Agnieszka Frackowiak-Adamska, Monika Jagielska and Agata Koziol20 Portugal 340Geraldo Rocha Ribeiro and Paula Távora Vítor21 Romania 356Ioana Olaru22 Slovakia 379Róbert Dobrovodský23 Slovenia 393Barbara Novak24 Spain 412Cristina González Beilfuss25 Sweden 432Maarit Jänterä-Jareborg and Laima Vaige26 The Netherlands 465Wendy Schrama and Marieke Oderkerk27 United Kingdom: England and Wales 493Anne Barlow28 United Kingdom: Scotland 513Jane Mair29 Navigating fragmented and complex national and international family law through party autonomy 531Wendy Schrama.