Acknowledgement of Funders List of Illustrations and Tables Acronyms 1 Introduction and Background 1 Introduction 2 Examining the Challenge of Regulating ASM 3 Book Structure2 Conceptual Framework and Historical Overview 1 Introduction 2 The Challenge of Thinking through Modes of Production 3 The Post-Independence Industrialisation Challenge 4 The Capital/Non-Capital Debate 5 Petty Commodity Production and Capital 6 Heterogenous Economies in the Neoliberal Phase 7 Nationalisation of Mineral Economies 8 Unequal Ecological Exchange and State-Led Mediation of Capital 9 Conclusion: Aspects for Further Elaboration3 Petty Commodity Production and Petty Capitalism in Obuasi 1 Introduction 2 Mining Regime from Late Colonial to Post-Independence Period 3 State Interventions in Galamsey Operations 4 Ashanti Gold Corporation and Obuasi Municipality 5 Conclusion4 Petty Commodity Production and Petty Capitalism in Gauteng Province 1 Introduction 2 Dispossession and the Rise of Large-Scale Mining in South Africa 3 Locating ASM in the Mining Regime 4 Zama zama Production Relations 5 Zama zama as a Livelihood Strategy in Conditions of Precarity 6 State Interventions the Zama zama Want 7 Conclusion 5 Comparison of Obuasi and Gauteng: Petty Commodity Production and Petty Capitalism, Capital becoming 1 Introduction 2 Locating ASM in the Mining Regimes 3 Livelihood, Social Mobility or Capital Becoming? 4 Linkages: the Known, the Unknown and the Possibilities 5 Orientation 6 Conclusion6 Conclusions: the Essence of Petty Commodity Production and Petty Capitalism 1 Introduction 2 Logic 3 Way Forward: the Conditions within Which the Zama zama, Galamsey and Allies Organise 4 Recommendations for Further Research 5 Theorising the States Role in Mediating Capital Interviews Bibliography Index.