European legal systems have developed a broad range of instruments aimed at limiting liability for damage. The present work systematically examines these instruments, analysing the different paths that have been trod to avoid an unrestricted expansion of liability. Unlike current textbooks, national casebooks and monographs, it builds on experience gathered in various legal systems over the past decades and thereby fills a major gap in tort law literature: it thus does what the previous volumes in the 'Digest of European Tort Law' series did for other key elements of tort law, namely natural causation, damage and misconduct. The publication contains a selection of the most important eases from 27 European States as well as decisions by European Union courts; it also highlights cases from earlier periods of legal history. For each case, the facts and the relevant court decision are presented and accompanied by an analytical commentary. In addition, comparative analyses of the reported cases are provided and a special report tackles the question of how key cases would be resolved under model European rules on tort law. The editors believe that the material gathered here will provide guidance for an organic convergence of the national legal systems in Europe, and that it constitutes the basis of an acquis commun that is infinitely richer - although also much more complex - than the rather bland and abstract concepts contained in national codifications, European legislation and modern model rules.