Table of Contents Acknowledgments Preface 1. The Importance of Effective Sentencing Advocacy 2. Principles of Judicial Advocacy A. Differences in Context 9 B. The ­Decision-Maker 12 C. Practical Advice for Effective Judicial Advocacy in Sentencing 17 3. The Goals of Sentencing 4. Statutory and Guidelines Provisions A.

Indeterminate Sentencing, Determinate Sentencing, and Advisory Guidelines 25 B. The Interaction Between Statutory and Guidelines Provisions 31 C. Federal Statutory Sentencing Provisions 31 D. Federal Sentencing Guidelines Provisions 33 E. Burdens of Proof in Sentencing 38 F. Summary 39 5. Scope of a Criminal Sentence 6. Sentencing Advocacy Before Guilt Determination A.

Prosecution Investigations and Charging Decisions 45 B. Defense Investigations 47 C. Pretrial Detention or Release 49 D. ­Post-Offense, Presentence Conduct 51 E. Motions Practice 52 F. Plea Bargaining 53 G. Organizations 55 7. Stages in the Sentencing Process 8.

Drafting of and Objecting to Presentence Investigation Reports A. The Probation Officer''s Presentence Investigation 61 B. Drafting of the Presentence Investigation Report 64 C. Reviewing the Draft Presentence Report 68 D. Making Formal Objections to the Draft Presentence Report 72 E. Reviewing the Final Presentence Report 77 9. Sentencing Memoranda A. Organization 79 B.

Tone and Style 80 C. Legal Support 82 D. Requested Relief 82 E. Personal or Confidential Information 84 10. Preparing for Sentencing Hearings A. Basic Preparation 85 B. Preparation When Offenders Have Pending Charges 87 C. Preparation for ­Factually-Contested Sentencing Hearings 89 D.

Legal Arguments 99 E. Working with Crime Victims 100 11. Conducting Sentencing Hearings A. Opening of Court and Initial Procedures 102 B. Presentation of Evidence 103 C. Resolution of Guidelines Issues 103 D. Resolution of Fine Issues 104 E. Resolution of Supervised Release Issues 104 F.

Resolution of Collateral Consequences Issues 104 G. Victim Impact Statements 104 H. Resolution of Variance Motions and Final Argument on Disposition 105 I. Allocution 105 J. Imposition and Judgment 105 12. Evidentiary Sentencing Hearings A. Inapplicability of the Federal Rules of Evidence 107 B. Applicability of the Confrontation Clause 110 C.

Applicability of the Due Process Clause 111 D. Presentation of Evidence 112 E. Engaging in a Conversation with the Sentencing Judge 113 F. Record on Appeal 114 13. Departures for Substantial Assistance A. Statutory and Guidelines Provisions 116 B. Unsuccessful Attempted Substantial Assistance 118 C. Secrecy and Security Issues Relating to Substantial Assistance Motions 119 D.

Advocacy and Substantial Assistance 121 E. Substantial Assistance After Sentencing 122 14. Other Departures A. Searching for Departure Grounds 126 B. Departure Case Law 127 C. Interplay Between Departures and Variances 128 D. Marshalling Evidence and Facts to Support or Oppose Departures 129 E. Effective Advocacy For or Against Departures 129 F.

The Extent of Departure 130 G. Grounds for Departures 132 15. Variances A. Variances and Section 3553(a) 143 B. Common Grounds for Variances 145 C. Variances for Other Reasons 175 D. Preserving Grounds to Appeal on Variance Motions 176 16. Fines A.

Statutory Fine Provisions 177 B. Guidelines Fine Provisions 178 C. Constitutional Constraints on Fines 179 D. Advocating For or Against Imposition of Fines 180 17. Forfeiture A. Constitutional Implications of Forfeiture 183 B. Statutory Provisions 184 C. Rules on Criminal Forfeiture 184 D.

Relationship Between Forfeiture, Restitution, and Fines 185 E. Sentencing Advocacy About Forfeiture 186 18. Restitution A. Constitutionality of Restitution Orders 188 B. Statutory Provisions 189 C. Guidelines Provisions 190 D. Sentencing Advocacy About Restitution 191 19. Supervised Release A.

Statutory Provisions 194 B. Guidelines Provisions 195 C. Court Findings When Imposing Conditions of Supervised Release 195 D. Sentencing Advocacy Relating to Supervised Release 196 20. Collateral Sentencing Consequences A. The Nature of Adverse Collateral Sentencing Consequences 199 B. Consideration of Collateral Consequences Before Sentencing 202 C. Consideration of Collateral Consequences at Sentencing 203 21.

Argument by Counsel A. Preparing a Sentencing Argument 205 B. Content of Sentencing Arguments 206 C. Style of Sentencing Arguments 208 22. Victims A. Victim Rights at Sentencing Hearings 211 B. Presentation of Victim Impact Statements 212 C. Court''s Ability to Rely on Unsworn Victim Impact Statements 213 D.

Advocacy in Reference to Victims 213 23. Allocution A. Right and Role of Allocution 215 B. Impact of Allocution 216 C. The Decision to Allocute 216 D. Defense Attorneys'' Role 217 E. Attorney Comments About Allocution 219 24. Imposition of Sentence and Judgment A.

Attorneys'' Responsibilities to Parties at Pronouncement 221 B. Listening to Pronouncement of Sentence 222 C. Comparing the Orally Announced Sentence Against the Written Sentence 224 25. Challenging Judgment Before Appeal 26. Sentencing Advocacy and the Audience A. Other Audience Members 228 B. Tailoring Advocacy to Account for Other Audience Members 230 27. Sentencing Organizations A.

Statutory Provisions 233 B. Guidelines Provisions 234 C. Fining an Organization 237 D. Forfeiture of Organization Assets 239 E. Restitution and Organizations 239 F. Organizations and Probation 240 G. Advocating Organizational Sentences 241 28. Advocacy in Supervised Release Revocation Hearings A.

Statutory Provisions 244 B. Governing Rules 246 C. Inapplicability of the Federal Rules of Evidence 249 D. Applicability of Due Process and Confrontation Clauses 249 E. Application of 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) Factors in Revocation Hearings 250 F.

The Federal Sentencing Guidelines in Revocation Hearings 251 G. Right of Allocution in Revocation Hearings 252 H. Advocacy at Revocation Hearings 253 29. Advocacy in Probation Revocation Hearings A. The Law and Rules Governing Probation and Revocation of Probation 258 B. Advocacy in Probation Revocation Hearings 259 C. Early Termination of Probation 259 Conclusion: Final Observations About Sentencing Advocacy Chapter Notes Bibliography Index.