This clear and comprehensive guide examines the scope of each substantive protection in international investment law and provides an authoritative commentary to relevant case law. International investment law has become one of the fastest-growing fields in public international law. It provides strong protection to foreign investors and their investments. This book critically summarises and analyses the scope of each substantive protection guaranteed by international investment law in light of the numerous arbitral awards that have interpreted and applied them. Each chapter is dedicated to a different substantive protection in international investment law, namely: expropriation; fair and equitable treatment; full protection and security; free transfer of funds; umbrella clauses; national treatment and most-favoured-nation treatment; obligation to provide effective means to justice. Within this framework, the consensual and controversial issues about each protection are explained. Leading representative cases are reviewed, accompanied by concise summaries of the facts, relevant excerpts of the decision, and analyses. This essential resource provides students and practitioners alike with a critical, concise presentation of the various substantive protections, and helps them gain an understanding of how the different arbitral tribunals have applied international investment law.