i Acknowledgments ii Foreword, Lady Arden of Heswall iii Preface, Rebecca Fry and John Picton iv Contributors v Table of Cases vi Table of Legislation 1. Jones v Williams (1767): The First Definition of Charity, Jonathan Garton (University of Warwick, UK) 2. Attorney General v Kell (1840) and Attorney General v Earl of Craven (1856): Recovery of Misapplied Charitable Property and its Cy-près Application, Charles Mitchell (University College London, UK) 3. Defining Charity: Commissioners for Special Purposes of the Income Tax v Pemsel (1891), Ian Murray (University of Western Australia) 4. Re Wilson (1913): Framing the General Charitable Intention, John Picton (University of Manchester, UK) 5. Gilmour v Coats (1949): Judging Religion's Public Benefit, Kathryn Chan (University of Victoria, Canada) 6. Oppenheim v Tobacco Securities Trust Co Ltd (1950): The Personal Nexus Test, Lara McMurtry (University of Sussex, UK) 7. Inland Revenue Commissioners v Baddeley (1955): Public Benefit and the Fourth Head, Lord Justice Newey (Court of Appeal of England and Wales) 8.

In Re Resch Will's Trust (1967): Charities Which Charge for Their Services, Lord Sales (Supreme Court of the United Kingdom) 9. Re Snowden (1969): The Discovery of the Ex Gratia Jurisdiction, Jonathan Fowles (Serle Court, UK) 10. Liverpool and District Hospital for Diseases of the Heart v Attorney General (1980), Lord Briggs (Supreme Court of the United Kingdom) 11. McGovern v Attorney General (1981): The Political Purpose Doctrine, Jane Calderwood Norton (University of Auckland, New Zealand) 12. Harries v Church Commissioners for England (1991): Ethical Investment by Charity Trustees, Rebecca Fry (Supreme Court of the United Kingdom) 13. R (Independent Schools Council) v Charity Commission for England and Wales (2011), Robert Pearce (Radcliffe Chambers, UK) 14 . Lehtimäki v Cooper (2020), Man Yip and Alvin W-L See (Singapore Management University) 15. The bright lines of R (on the application of Z and Anor) (AP) v Hackney London Borough Council and Anor (2020), Jennifer Sigafoos (University of Liverpool, UK).