Series editor''s foreword Preface Acknowledgement Series editor''s acknowledgement Rapid MLA Index 1 Cellular biology Introduction Eukaryotic organelles The cell membrane The cytoskeleton cell motility and intracellular transport Genetics Epigenetics 2 Introduction to metabolism Introductory concepts Key molecules in metabolism 3 The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle Introduction Key points 4 Oxidative phosphorylation Adenosine triphosphate generation Substrate-level phosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation 5 Carbohydrate metabolism Carbohydrates a definition Carbohydrate digestion Glucose entry into cells Glycolysis The insulin glucagon ratio influence on glycolysis Aerobic glycolysis versus anaerobic glycolysis Hyperlactataemia Hereditary red cell enzymopathies The pyruvate to acetyl-CoA reaction Regulation of PDH Plasma glucose concentration regulation and prevention of hypoglycaemia Timescale of glycogenolysis versus gluconeogenesis Gluconeogenesis Gluconeogenic substrates Sequence of gluconeogenesis Key differences between gluconeogenesis and glycolysis Regulation of gluconeogenesis Glycogen metabolism Glycogen stores Glycogen structure Glycogen synthesis (glycogenesis) Glycogen breakdown (glycogenolysis) Regulation of glycogen metabolism Glycogen storage diseases The pentose phosphate pathway Reactions of the PPP Regulation of the PPP Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency the failure of the PPP Glutathione Fructose metabolism Genetic deficiencies of fructose metabolism Galactose metabolism Sorbitol metabolism Ethanol metabolism Impact of ethanol catabolism 6 Glucose homeostasis and diabetes mellitus Hormonal aspects of glucose regulation Metabolic syndrome Diabetes mellitus 7 Lipid metabolism and lipid transport Lipids An introduction Fatty acid biosynthesis Lipid catabolism Cholesterol Lipid transport Exogenous lipids Endogenous lipids Dyslipidaemias Primary dyslipidaemia Familial hypercholesteraemia Secondary dyslipidaemias Clinical management of dyslipidaemias Complications of dyslipidaemia Ketones and ketogenesis 8 Energy balance and obesity Body composition Energy balance Appetite regulation hunger and satiety Clinical aspects of obesity Clinical consequences of obesity Obesity treatment strategies 9 Protein metabolism and malnutrition The structure of proteins Essential and non-essential amino acids Amino acid synthesis Biological derivatives of amino acids Nitrogen balance Amino acid catabolism Protein degradation Protein synthesis Dietary protein Parenteral and enteral nutrition Refeeding syndrome 10 One-carbon transfer purines pyrimidines and haem An overview of one-carbon metabolism Purines and pyrimidines an overview Purine metabolism Pyrimidines Haem Porphyrias Lead poisoning Clinical Case - Jaundice 11 The thyroid gland Introduction Anatomy Histology Thyroid hormones Thyroid homeostasis the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis Secretion and transport of thyroid hormones The function and physiology Disorders of thyroid function Investigations of thyroid function 12 Vitamins and their deficiencies Introduction Fat-soluble vitamins Vitamin A (fat soluble) Vitamin D (fat soluble) Vitamin E (fat soluble) Vitamin K (fat soluble) Water-soluble vitamins Thiamine vitamin B1 (water soluble) Riboflavin vitamin B2 (water soluble) Niacin vitamin B3 (water soluble) Pantothenic acid vitamin B5 (water soluble) Pyridoxine vitamin B6 (water soluble) Biotin vitamin B7 (water soluble) Folate vitamin B9 (water soluble) Cobalamin vitamin B12 Vitamin C (water soluble) 13 Minerals and their deficiencies Introduction Sodium potassium and chloride Calcium Phosphorus Magnesium Iron Zinc Copper Iodine Other trace elements Useful references 14 Clinical assessment of metabolism and nutritional disorders Introduction History-taking Common presenting complaints in nutritional and metabolic disorders Examination Dehydration Relevant investigations Newborn blood spot screening Self-Assessment MLA High-yield association table MLA Single best answer (SBA) questions MLA SBA answers OSCEs and short clinical cases Glossary Index.