Part 1 Methods 1. Transcranial magnetic stimulation: positive effects (includes single and paired pulse methods, and triple-stimulation-technique) 2. Transcranial magnetic stimulation: negative motor effects (contralateral and ipsilateral silent periods) 3. Modulation of TMS motor-evoked potentials by muscle contraction, motor imagery, action observation, action preparation 4. Effect of non-invasive brain stimulation on voluntary movements (such as effects on RT, ballistic movement, kinematic effects, with TMS, including TES if appropriate) 5. Induction of motor system plasticity using transcranial magnetic stimulation (e.g., regular rTMS, TBS, PAS, QPS, sTMS etc) 6.

Induction of motor system plasticity using transcranial electrical stimulation (tDCS, tACS, random noise stimulation 7. Induction of motor system plasticity using transcranial ultrasound stimulation 8. Induction of motor system plasticity using temporal interference stimulation 9. Contributions of spinal epidural recordings to mechanisms of TMS and TES 10. Corticomuscular or EEG-EMG coherence, and intermuscular or EMG-EMG coherence 11. TMS-EEG - relation to motor physiology 12. ERD/ERS, BP (EEG/MEG), multichannel surface EMG, EMG-EEG backaveraging 13. Brain computer interfaces in the motor system: the technologies 14.

Long-latency reflexes and cutaneous reflexes 15. Brainstem reflexes and startle reaction 16. Spinal reflexes (H-reflex, reciprocal inhibition) Part 2: Clinical Applications: 17. Utility of TMS in the diagnosis of neurological disorders 18. Electrophysiological studies in the diagnosis of movement disorders (multiple channel surface EMG, EMG-EEG backaveraging, for tremor, muscle jerks/myoclonus) 19. Clinical use of TMS-EEG in the motor system 20. Clinical applications of ultrasound neuromodulation of the motor system 21. Clinical application of rTMS/tDCS as treatment in motor disorders (e.

g. ALS, PD) 22. Clinical applications of Brain computer interfaces in the motor system.