Reviews of the First Edition xvi Preface to Second Edition xviii Preface to the First Edition xx Acknowledgements xxii Part I Concepts Chapter 1 Facial Beauty with Hengameh B. Naini 3 Definition of beauty and aesthetics 3 Is beauty ''in the eye of the beholder''? 5 The enigma of facial beauty 6 Beauty and facial beauty: historical and philosophical perspectives 11 Facial Beauty: Scientific perspectives 17 Importance of facial beauty 22 Striving for form 23 References 24 Chapter 2 Facial Proportions: Classical Canons to Modern Craniofacial Anthropometry 26 Introduction 26 Ancient Egypt 26 Ancient Greece 27 Ancient Rome 34 The Renaissance 36 The Enlightenment and neoclassicism 51 Twentieth century 53 The golden proportion 55 Conclusion 61 References 61 Chapter 3 Facial Expression: Influence and Significance 63 Introduction 63 Importance of facial expressions 63 History of research into facial expressions 64 References 70 Chapter 4 Psychological Ramifications of Facial Deformities 72 Introduction 72 Health and psychosocial well-being 72 Self-image 73 The effect of the response of others on those with facial deformities 74 To treat or not to treat? The controversial debate 75 Body dysmorphic disorder: the delusion of deformity 76 Managing facial deformity in a neurotic-dysmorphic patient 81 Conclusion 82 References 82 Further reading 83 Part II Clinical Diagnosis Section 1 Patient Interview and Clinical Diagnostic Records 87 Introduction to Section 1 87 Diagnosis 87 Chapter 5 Patient Interview and Consultation 89 Introduction 89 Presenting complaint 89 History of presenting complaint 90 Psychosocial history 91 Medical history 93 Danger signals and the ''problem'' patient 93 Concluding remarks 93 References 94 Chapter 6 Clinical Diagnostic Records, Natural Head Position and Craniofacial Anthropometry 95 Introduction 95 Radiographs 95 Clinical photographs 97 Clinical videography 97 Study models 97 Serial height measurement 98 Three-dimensional hard and soft tissue imaging 98 The Frankfort Craniometric Agreement and the Frankfort Plane 99 The unreliability of anatomical reference planes 101 Natural head position: the key to diagnosis 102 Choice of horizontal and vertical reference planes 103 Orientation of the patient in natural head position 104 Equipment for digital photography and data storage 105 Patient consent forms 105 Background and lighting 105 Facial views 106 Intraoral views 107 Anthropometric craniofacial surface landmarks 108 References 112 Chapter 7 Cephalometry and Cephalometric Analysis 113 Introduction 113 Cephalometric landmarks and planes of reference 114 Landmarks, lines, planes and volumes 114 Cephalometric planes of reference 119 Posteroanterior cephalometric radiography 122 Cephalometric analysis and geometric principles 125 Description of dentofacial deformities 125 Sagittal skeletal relationships 127 Sagittal dentoalveolar relationships 137 Vertical skeletal relationships 142 Vertical dentoalveolar relationships 148 Transverse skeletal relationships 149 References 149 Section 2 Facial Aesthetic Analysis: Facial Type, Proportions and Symmetry 151 Introduction to Section 2 151 The diagnostic process - clinical evaluation 152 Clinical evaluation - the sequence 154 References 155 Chapter 8 Facial Type 157 Introduction 157 The fictional conception of the ''normal'' 157 Proportion indices 157 Head type 159 Cephalic index 159 Head circumference 160 Facial type: frontal view (norma frontalis) 160 Facial shape 160 Facial index 161 Facial type: profile view (norma lateralis) 162 Facial divergence 162 Sagittal facial profile contour 164 Parasagittal facial profile contour 167 Facial curves and curvilinear relationships 171 Curvilinear relationships - frontal and profile views 172 Angularity of facial contour lines 172 Facial profile curves and ''S-shaped'' curvilinear considerations 172 Contour defects 173 Sexual variation: the main differences between male and female faces 174 ''Ethnic'' variation: considerations in facial aesthetic evaluation 175 Historical background 175 Considerations in facial aesthetic evaluation 175 Clinical implications 176 Facial ageing 178 Current understanding, controversies and future research 179 Recognizing the visible effects of ageing 181 References 182 Chapter 9 Facial Proposition 184 Introduction 184 Craniofacial height to standing height proportion 185 Vertical Facial Proportions 190 Transverse facial proportions 194 Concluding remarks 198 References 198 Chapter 10 Facial Symmetry and Asymmetry 199 Introduction 199 Relationship between symmetry and proportion 199 Balance and harmony: a note on terminology 200 Aetiology and classification of facial asymmetry 200 Clinical evaluation 201 Dynamic clinical evaluation 206 Dental midlines 209 Radiographic/cephalometric evaluation 210 Three-dimensional imaging evaluation 214 Craniofacial growth and treatment timing 218 References 222 Section 3 Facial Aesthetic Analysis: Regional Analysis 223 Introduction to Section 3 223 The modified subunit principle 223 Relativity and the five facial prominences 224 References 225 Upper Facial Analysis 226 Chapter 11 The Forehead 227 Introduction and Terminology 227 Anatomy 227 Clinical evaluation 228 References 232 Chapter 12 The Orbital Region 233 Introduction 233 Terminology 234 Anatomy 234 Clinical evaluation 236 References 240 Midfacial Analysis 242 Chapter 13 The Ears 243 Introduction 243 Terminology 243 Anatomy 243 Clinical evaluation 244 References 248 Chapter 14 The Nose 249 Introduction 249 Terminology 251 Anatomy 252 Nasal type, topography and the subunit principle 254 Clinical evaluation 257 Normative values for nasal dimensions 271 Nasal function 272 References 272 Chapter 15 The Malar Region 274 Introduction 274 Terminology 274 Anatomy 275 Clinical evaluation 275 Principles in planning the correction of malar deficiency 280 References 282 Chapter 16 The Maxilla and Midface 283 Introduction 283 Terminology 283 Anatomy 286 Clinical evaluation 288 Maxillary deficiency 297 Maxillary excess 301 Maxillary asymmetry 305 References 306 Lower Facial Analysis 307 Introduction 307 Chapter 17 The Lips 308 Introduction 308 Anatomy 308 Terminology 310 Clinical evaluation 310 References 326 Chapter 18 Mentolabial (Labiomental) Fold 328 Introduction 328 Mentolabial fold (sulcus) depth 328 Mentolabial angle 328 Attractiveness research 331 Vertical position of the mentolabial fold 331 Mentolabial fold morphology 331 References 334 Chapter 19 The Mandible 335 Terminology 335 Anatomy, morphology and size 335 Sagittal and vertical relationships 339 Mandibular deficiency 339 Mandibular excess 342 Transverse relationships 346 Mandibular asymmetries 347 References 352 Chapter 20 The Chin 353 Introduction 353 Anatomy 353 Terminology 354 Classification of chin deformities 359 Clinical evaluation 362 Sagittal evaluation and chin projection 362 Sagittal position of hard tissue (skeletal) pogonion 367 Indirect morphological influences on sagittal chin projection 369 Soft tissue chin pad 370 Mentolabial fold and chin pad morphology 370 Dynamic chin pad evaluation 370 Mentalis muscle - anatomy, activity and significance 371 Vertical chin height 374 Transverse chin width 374 References 375 Chapter 21 Submental-Cervical Region 377 Introduction 377 Anatomy 377 Terminology 377 Aetiology 378 Clinical evaluation 379 Relative submental projection and aesthetics 391 References 391 Section 4 Smile and Dentogingival Aesthetic Analysis 393 Introduction to Section 4 393 Chapter 22 Dental-Occlusal Relationships: Terminology, Description and Classification 395 Introduction 395 Terminology 395 Dental occlusion 397 Classification of dental-occlusal relationships 400 The term ''Class'' and classification 404 The aetiology of malocclusion 406 Oral health 409 Occlusal function 410 References 410 Chapter 23 Smile Aesthetics with Daljit S. Gill 412 Introduction 412 Clinical evaluation 413 Lip aesthetics 413 Lip lines 413 Upper lip-maxillary incisor.