About the Editors, xv List of Contributors, xvii Preface, xix Series Preface, xxi Acknowledgments, xxiii Introduction, xxv 1 Forensic Quality Management and Era of Standardization: Where the Rubber Meets the Road in Challenging Environments, 1 Roberto C. Parra, Eva Bruenisholz, and Claude Roux 1.1 Introduction, 1 1.2 Quality Management in Forensic Science: From Tradition to Transformation, 9 1.3 The Standardization Era: The Forensic Shift and Industrial Ideals, 13 1.4 Quality in Challenging Environments: Where the Rubber Meets the Road, 17 1.5 Conclusion: How Should the Road Actually Appear?, 30 2 Artificial Intelligence in Forensic Science: An Important Opportunity for Challenging Environments, 37 Roberto C. Parra, Gian Carlo Iannacone, and Allan G.
Alvarez-Godoy 2.1 Introduction, 37 2.2 Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Forensic Sciences Within the Framework of the Principles of the Sydney Declaration, 40 2.3 Critical Points to Consider in the Implementation of Forensic AI, 46 2.4 Improving Quality Standards in Countries Without ISO Certification, 48 2.5 Ethical Risks and Challenges of Artificial Intelligence in Forensic Science, 50 2.6 Forensic Quality, Operational Skepticism, and Artificial Intelligence as a Bridge Between Standards and Innovation, 56 2.7 Conclusion, 58 3 A Universal Guidance Model: The Minnesota Protocol in Challenging Environments, 63 Roberto C.
Parra, Pierre Perich, Allan G. Alvarez-Godoy, Michael Pollanen, Daouda Traore, Jorge L. Vasquez-Guerrero, Omer O. Adjibode, John Mbewu-Bodji, and Sami El Jundi 3.1 Introduction, 63 3.2 Foundations of the Minnesota Protocol (2016), 65 3.3 The Duty to Investigate in Challenging Environments, 68 3.4 Implementation Strategies Adapted to Challenging Contexts, 71 3.
5 Best Practices and Relevant Experiences, 74 3.6 Recurring Challenges, 77 3.7 Value of the Protocol as a Universal Standard in the Fight Against Impunity, 78 3.8 Conclusions, 80 4 Deaths in Custody Are a Silent Global Tragedy: An Analysis of Burkina Faso''s Challenging Environment in Dialogue with International Experiences, 83 Daouda Traore, Roberto C. Parra, Norbert W. Ramde, Béraré Doudoulgou, Ratouissamda Kagambega, Omer O. Adjibode, and Jorge L. Vasquez-Guerrero 4.
1 Introduction, 83 4.2 Death in Custody and Limits on Institutions in Burkina Faso, 85 4.3 Considerations of International Good Practices that Land in the Practice of Challenging Environments, 87 4.4 The Debate About What It Means to Death in Custody: Bioethical and Structural Aspects, 90 4.5 Comparison with China: A Proven System Faces Persistent Structural Challenges, 93 4.6 Recommendations for Action in Challenging Environments, 96 4.7 Conclusion: Protecting Life on the Margins of the System, 99 5 From Conflict to Cooperation: ICRC''s Forensic Humanitarian Efforts in Challenging Contexts, 103 Denise Abboud, Vincent Mazraani, Rafael De Abreu E Souza, Maria Dolores Morcillo Mendez, Jane Taylor, and Pierre Guyomarc''h 5.1 Introduction, 103 5.
2 The Establishment of the Forensic Unit: An ICRC Commitment to Forensic Humanitarian Action, 104 5.3 The ICRC Forensic Unit, 105 5.4 Forensic Humanitarian Action by ICRC, 107 5.5 Strengthening of Medico Legal Systems in Challenging Environments: Medico-legal Systems and their Role in the Response to Issues of Humanitarian Concern, 108 5.6 Implementation of Quality Management Systems, 112 5.7 Maintaining Quality Management in Forensics, 116 5.8 Challenges and Solutions in Forensic Operations, 116 5.9 Future Directions and Recommendations, 120 5.
10 Conclusion, 124 6 Sexual Violence in Armed Conflict: Promoting Forensic Evidence as a Humanitarian Action, 127 Roberto C. Parra, Allan G. Alvarez-Godoy, Daouda Traore, Pierre Perich, Omer O. Adjibode, John Mbewu-Bodji, and Sami EL Jundi 6.1 Introduction: Naming the Unspeakable, Preserving the Invaluable, 127 6.2 Contemporary Approaches to Sexual Violence in Conflict, 129 6.3 Structural and Operational Challenges in Conflict Contexts, 133 6.4 Case Study: DRC Post-conflict and the Implementation of the International Protocol, 137 6.
5 Lessons Learned and Replicability, 143 6.6 Methodological Comparison: International Protocol vs. Clinical Form, 144 6.7 Forensic Protection as a Humanitarian Act, 148 .8 Ethical Considerations and Protection of Information, 152 6.9 Towards a Resilient Forensic System in Adverse Contexts, 155 6.10 Conclusion, 158 7 Quality Management in Forensic Science in Panama: Advances, Challenges, and Perspectives, 165 José Vicente Pachar Lucio 7.1 Introduction, 165 7.
2 Regulatory Framework and International Context, 166 7.3 Accreditation Progress in Panama, 167 7.4 Challenges Faced During the Process, 168 7.5 Institutional and Social Impact, 170 7.6 Conclusions, 170 8 Peruvian Efforts to Strengthen the Quality of Forensic Practice: Limitations and Advances in Standardization, 173 Gian Carlo Iannacone, Marleny Huerta-Valdivia, Jorge Vasquez-Guerrero, and Roberto C. Parra 8.1 Introduction, 173 8.2 Brief Review of the IMLFC-Perú, 174 8.
3 Macro-level Process Flow of the IMLFC-Perú Forensic Services, 178 8.4 Integration of Processes Within the Framework of the Sydney Declaration, 179 8.5 Strategies from IMLFC-Peru for Quality Assurance: Applying the Declaration of Sydney as an Efficient Alternative, 182 8.6 Conclusion, 197 9 Guatemalan''s Efforts to Strengthen the Quality of Forensic Practice: Limitations and Advances, 203 Ruth Garcia-Marroquin and Allan G. Alvarez-Godoy 9.1 Introduction, 203 9.2 National Institute of Forensic Sciences of Guatemala (INACIF), 206 9.3 Support from International Cooperation, 216 9.
4 Conclusion, 222 10 Latin America in Forensic Action: Quality Standards Alone Do Not Provide an Infallible Quality Assurance, 225 Roberto C. Parra, Gian Carlo Iannacone, Allan G. Alvarez-Godoy, Daniel Castellanos, Ruth Garcia-Marroquin, and Jorge L. Vasquez-Guerrero 10.1 Introduction, 225 10.2 International Standards: Foundations and Limitations in their Forensic Applicability, 228 10.3 Accreditation and Forensic Practice: Diverse Trajectories in Latin America, 231 10.4 Myths and Realities of Quality Discourse: Between the Normative Symbol and Effective Transformation, 237 10.
5 Elements for Contextual and Comprehensive Quality: From the Sydney Declaration to Its Applicability in Latin America, 241 11 The Sydney Declaration as an Operational Approach to Challenging Forensic Environments, 251 Roberto C. Parra and Claude Roux 11.1 Introduction, 251 11.2 Reflections Throughout the Volume, 252 11.3 Conclusion, 254 References, 255 Index, 257.