About the Editors xix List of Contributors xx Foreword xxiv Preface xxv Acknowledgements xxvi PART I Foundations of Immunotherapy 1 CHAPTER 1 History and Development of Immunotherapies - Key Breakthroughs and Milestones, from Early Immunology to Contemporary Immunotherapy 3 Jean-Marc Cavaillon Learning Objectives 3 1.1 Key Milestones in the History of Immunology 3 1.2 Variolation and Vaccination 6 1.3 Serotherapy 8 1.4 Anti-Tumour Activity of Bacteria, Bacterial Toxins, and Viruses 9 1.5 Immunoglobulin, Antibodies, and Monoclonal Antibodies 12 1.6 Harnessing and Targeting Cytokines 14 1.7 Targeting the Inflammatory Players 18 1.
8 Cellular Therapies for Cancer 18 1.9 Neuromodulation of Inflammation 19 1.10 A Personal Concluding Remark 20 CHAPTER 2 Introduction to Immunology and Immune Modulation 34 Janin Chandra, Lakshita Patil, and Graham Leggatt 2.1 The Frontlines of Immune Defence 34 2.2 Pamps and Damps 35 2.3 Complement System 35 2.4 Innate Immune Cells 35 2.5 Antigen Presentation 38 2.
6 Adaptive Immunity 38 2.7 Trained Immunity - a Different Kind of Immune Memory 44 2.8 Examples of Failing Immune Regulation 44 2.9 Case Study - Immune Modulation Gone Wrong 46 CHAPTER 3 Mechanisms of Immune Evasion and Immune Surveillance: Cellular Barriers to Immunotherapy 51 Marion F. Barros, Liwang Zhang, Jason J. Lee, Jenna S. Theron, Lixue Li, Shannon R. Joseph, and Fiona Simpson 3.
1 Introduction 51 3.2 Tumour-Intrinsic Evasion Mechanisms 52 3.3 Tumour-Extrinsic Evasion Mechanisms 56 3.4 Parallels in Pathogens and Autoimmunity 59 3.5 Evasion of the Innate Immune System 60 PART II Immunotherapy in Cancer 67 CHAPTER 4 Cancer Immunotherapy: Key Concepts and Techniques 69 Denise Goh, Ng Kai Soon, Zhu Zhu, Rachel Elizabeth Ann Fincham, and Joe Yeong 4.1 Introduction 69 4.2 Approaches in Cancer Immunotherapy 70 4.3 Key Concepts in Immunotherapy 71 4.
4 Key Techniques for Immunotherapy Assessment 75 4.5 Future Directions 80 CHAPTER 5 Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer: Mechanisms, Clinical Use, and Challenges 85 Camille Hansen and Arabella Young 5.1 Introduction 85 5.2 The Discovery of Key Immune Checkpoints 87 5.3 Approved Indications and Biomarkers 88 5.4 Challenges and Controversies 90 5.5 Case Studies and Real-World Examples 94 5.6 Future Directions 95 CHAPTER 6 Advancements in CAR T and CAR NK Cell Therapies 103 Karen Slattery, Thomas J.
Cole, and Phillip K. Darcy 6.1 Introduction 103 6.2 Armouring CAR T Cells to Enhance Therapeutic Efficacy 104 6.3 Tumour-Restricted Armouring - the Next Frontier of Enhanced CAR T Cells 106 6.4 Engaging CAR T Cells With Endogenous Immunity 107 6.5 Enhancing CAR T-Cell Efficacy Through Metabolism 108 6.6 Armouring CAR NK Cells for Increased Therapeutic Efficacy 110 6.
7 Boosting CAR NK Cell Therapeutic Efficacy Through Metabolism 112 6.8 Future Directions for CAR T and CAR NK Cell Therapy 114 CHAPTER 7 Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines: Challenges and Successes in Cancer Immunotherapy 120 Riccardo Dolcetti 7.1 Introduction 120 7.2 Mechanism of Action 121 7.3 The Critical Choice of the Best Antigens for Vaccine Development 122 7.4 Vaccine Delivery Platforms 130 7.5 Case Studies 135 7.6 Current Challenges and Future Perspectives 136 7.
7 Concluding Remarks 140 PART III Immunotherapy in Infectious Diseases 151 CHAPTER 8 Immunotherapy for Viral Infections: Mechanisms, Clinical Applications, and Future Directions 153 Stephanie Jost, Cordelia Manickam, and R. Keith Reeves 8.1 Introduction 153 8.2 Immunotherapies for Viral Infections in the Clinic 155 8.3 Challenges and Controversies 167 8.4 Future Directions 168 CHAPTER 9 Immunotherapy for Microbial Infections: Addressing Bacterial Resistance and Parasitic Infections with Immunotherapy 179 Christian R. Engwerda and Jessica A. Engel 9.
1 Introduction 179 9.2 Immunotherapy for Microbial Infections 181 9.3 Challenges and Limitations 185 9.4 Future Directions 186 9.5 Case Studies and Real-World Examples 188 CHAPTER 10 Vaccine Development and Immune Response Optimisation 199 Limin Zhao, Jingru Gong, Ian H. Frazer, and Zhian Chen 10.1 Introduction 199 10.2 How the Immune System Responds to Vaccines 200 10.
3 Next-Generation Vaccine Platforms and the Immunological Advantages 202 10.4 Outstanding Questions in Improving Vaccine Immunity 208 PART IV Immunotherapy in Transplantation Settings, Autoimmune, and Inflammatory Diseases 215 CHAPTER 11 Engineering Regulatory T Cells: Applications for Autoimmune Disorders 217 Leonardo M.R. Ferreira and Russell W. Cochrane 11.1 Introduction 217 11.2 Mechanisms of Treg-Mediated Suppression 218 11.3 Clinical Applications Across Autoimmune Diseases 220 11.
4 Challenges and Future Directions 226 CHAPTER 12 Immunotherapy in Transplantation Settings 238 James W. Wells 12.1 Introduction 238 12.2 Key Milestones in Transplant Success 240 12.3 Clinical Applications 241 12.4 Challenges and Controversies 243 12.5 Future Directions 247 CHAPTER 13 Immunotherapy for the Global Prevention of Haemolytic Disease of the Foetus and Newborn 259 Behnaz Heydarchi and Ian P Wicks 13.1 Introduction 259 13.
2 Molecular Features of RhD 261 13.3 Evolution of Therapy for the Prevention of HDFN 262 13.4 The Impact of HDFN 264 13.5 Maintaining the Supply of RhD-pIgG 265 13.6 Case Studies of Alternatives to RhD-pIgG 267 13.7 Challenges in Developing a New Immunotherapy for HDFN 269 13.8 Future Directions 271 CHAPTER 14 Advances in Engineered Immune Cells: Latest Advancements in CRISPR, CAR-T, and Other Immune Cell Engineering Techniques 280 Lamberto Torralba-Raga and Karl-Johan Malmberg 14.1 Introduction 280 14.
2 Engineering Specificity and Functional Modalities 282 14.3 Engineering ''Smarter'' Cells 285 14.4 Precision Engineering Tools 288 14.5 Conclusion 294 PART V Advanced Immunotherapy Techniques and Applications 303 CHAPTER 15 Personalised Immunotherapy and Biomarker-Driven Approaches 305 Naomi Berrell, Denise Goh, Clara Lawler, Meg L. Donovan, Joe Yeong, and Arutha Kulasinghe 15.1 Introduction 305 5.2 Spatial Transcriptomics 307 15.3 Spatial Proteomics 309 15.
4 Metabolomics 310 15.5 Epigenomics 312 15.6 Challenges and Controversies 313 15.7 Future Directions 314 15.8 Case Studies and Real-World Examples 315 CHAPTER 16 Immunotherapy and the Microbiota: Exploring Microbiota-Immune Interactions and Their Impact on Immunotherapy Efficacy 321 Meriem Messaoudene and Marine Fidelle 16.1 Introduction 321 16.2 Physiological and Immunological Functions of the Gut Microbiota 322 16.3 Linking the Microbiome to Immunotherapy Efficacy in Cancer 324 16.
4 Therapeutic Modulation or Protection of the Gut Microbiota to Enhance Immunotherapy Efficacy in Cancer 326 16.5 Challenges and Controversies 330 16.6 Future Directions 331 CHAPTER 17 Veterinary Immunotherapy 338 Alexandre Humbert, Marie Abitbol, and Carole Peroz 17.1 Introduction 338 17.2 Monoclonal Antibodies in the Treatment of Osteoarthritis 339 17.3 Monoclonal Antibodies in the Treatment of Canine Atopic Dermatitis 342 17.4 Anticancer Immunotherapies 343 17.5 Perspectives 346 CHAPTER 18 Emerging Immunotherapies and Future Horizons 352 Jingchen Zhou, Jiya Jose, Matt VanBrocklin, John D.
Hooper, Brett M. Paterson, and Fernando Souza-Fonseca-Guimaraes 18.1 Introduction 352 18.2 Core Content Sections 355 18.3 Case Study 361 18.4 Challenges and Controversies 363 18.5 Future Direction 364 Key Terms & Definitions Sidebar 365 List of Abbreviations 366 Review Questions 367 References 367 Index 372.