1 Light-fidelity based biosignal transmission 1 Pratyush K. Patnaik, Suraj K. Nayak, Ashirbad Pradhan, Amrutha V, Champak Bhattacharya, Sirsendu S. Ray and Kunal Pal Introduction 1 Literature review 2 Components and methodology 5 Components 5 Methodology 5 Results and discussions 8 Designing the device 8 Testing of device 8 Conclusion 11 References 12 2 Development of a low-cost color sensor for biomedical applications 15 Pratyush K. Patnaik, Paresh Mahapatra, Dibyajyoti Biswal, Suraj K. Nayak, Sachin Kumar, Biswajeet Champaty and Kunal Pal Introduction 15 Literature review 16 Color models 16 Application of colorimeter in the medical industry 17 Color measurement of dental prosthesis 18 Blood glucose level measurement 19 Materials 20 Methods 21 Designing the color sensor 21 Designing the graphical user interface 22 Color sensor calibration 22 Results and discussion 25 Development of the color sensor 25 Testing of color sensor 26 Conclusion 27 References 27 3 Development of a voice-controlled home automation system for the differently-abled 31 Karan Pande, Ashirbad Pradhan, Suraj Kumar Nayak, Pratyush Kumar Patnaik, Biswajeet Champaty, Arfat Anis and Kunal Pal Introduction 31 Literature review 32 Materials and methods 36 Materials 36 Development of Arduino program 36 Development of Android app 38 Design and development of printed circuit board 39 Results and discussion 39 Conclusion 42 References 42 4 Lab-on-a-chip sensing devices for biomedical applications 47 Pavel Sengupta, Kalap Khanra, Amit Roy Chowdhury and Pallab Datta Introduction 47 Advantages and disadvantages of lab-on-a-chip devices 48 Techno-commercial appraisal of lab-on-a-chips 48 Materials and physical laws relevant for lab-on-a-chips 51 Materials that can be used 51 Physical laws 52 Reynolds number and Stokes flow 52 Navier Poiseuille flow 53 Peclet number 54 Components of lab-on-a-chip devices 54 Liquid pumping methods 54 Fluid mixing 60 Sample and reagent introduction 61 Sample and reagent preconcentration 63 Sample and reagent separation 64 Fabrication methods 66 Lithography and second cast processes 66 Micromachining etching techniques 68 Bonding methods 68 Maskless patterning techniques 70 Detection processes 72 Chemical sensing 72 Optical detection methods 74 Other detection techniques 75 Some applications of lab-on-a-chip 76 Conclusions 82 Acknowledgment 82 References 82 Further reading 95 5 Impedance-based biosensors 97 Avishek Chakraborty, Dewaki Nandan Tibarewala and Ananya Barui Introduction 97 Overview of impedance biosensors 98 Transducer architecture of impedance biosensor 98 Theoretical principle of impedance biosensors 98 Representation of impedance data 101 Design and fabrication 103 Measurement and instrumentation 105 Types and application of impedance biosensor 106 Biocatalytic impedance biosensor: enzyme as biorecognition molecules 106 Bioaffinity impedance biosensors 106 Cellular biosensing 113 Recent trends in impedance biosensors 115 Microfluidics 115 Magneto-impedimetric biosensors 116 Surface plasmon resonance-based electrochemical impedance spectroscopy imaging 116 Conclusion 118 References 118 6 Acoustophoresis-based biomedical device applications 123 Sharda Gupta and Arindam Bit Introduction 123 Acoustic phenomena 124 Theory behind acoustophoresis 125 Measuring physical properties of acoustophoresis 132 Measuring motion of particles under acoustic field 132 Acoustic control 133 Fabrication of device 136 Application of acoustophoresis in bioengineering 139 Acknowledgment 141 Declaration 141 References 141 Further reading 143 7 Electroencephalography and near-infrared spectroscopy-based hybrid biomarker for brain imaging 145 Raghavendra Prasad, N.P. Guhan Seshadri, R.

Periyasamy, Stephanie Miller, Arindam Bit and Kunal Mitra Introduction to brain imaging modalities 145 Computed axial tomography 146 Magnetic resonance imaging 146 Functional magnetic resonance imaging 147 Positron emission tomography 147 Functional near-infrared spectroscopy 147 Electroencephalogram 148 Near-infrared spectroscopy system principle and architecture 149 Propagation of light in tissue and modified Beer Near-infrared spectroscopy data acquisition system 151 Near-infrared spectroscopy device 151 Types of spectrometers 152 Electroencephalography system architecture and principle 155 History and working mechanism 155 Electroencephalography data acquisition system 156 Electrode placement procedure 159 Montage selection/modes of Electroencephalography acquisition 160 Application of near-infrared spectroscopy and electroencephalography system for brain imaging 161 Applications 161 Application to the cognitive and psychological sciences 161 Brain development 161 Brain Hyper scanning 162 Biomarkers of brain physiological conditions 163 Identifying disease-specific biomarkers 164 Aspects of association and handy biomarkers 164 The ideal surrogate biomarker 165 Biomarkers: advantages and limitations 165 Real-time imaging 165 Recent advances 166 Electroencephalography 166 Magneto encephalography 167 Functional magnetic resonance imaging 168 Functional near-infrared spectroscopy 168 Computed axial tomography 169 Positron emission tomography 169 Functional imaging 169 Functional imaging properties 170 Hemodynamic methods (fMRI) 170 Electromagnetic methods (EEG) 171 Tempero-spatial imaging 171 Hybrid system for brain imaging 172 Hybrid brain imaging 172 Conclusion 173 References 174 Further reading 181 8 Micro-electro-mechanical system Ankur Gupta and Pramod Pal Introduction 183 Need for drug delivery technology 183 Existing drug delivery devices 185 About micro-electro-mechanical systems 186 Various components in micro-electro-mechanical system drug delivery systems 187 Micro pump 187 Micro valves 194 Microneedles 196 Micro biosensors 198 Microfluid channels 200 Micro reservoirs 201 Micro-electro-mechanical system Advantages of micro-electro-mechanical system devices in drug delivery system 206 Limitations and challenges 207 Conclusion and scope 207 References 207 9 Enzyme-based biosensors 211 Jaspreet Kaur, Sandeep Choudhary, Rashmi Chaudhari, Rahul D. Jayant and Abhijeet Joshi Introduction 211 Background 212 Characteristics of a biosensor 212 Biological recognition and transducing mechanisms 214 Enzyme immobilization 216 Techniques for enzyme immobilization 216 Immobilization techniques for developing micro-nano-sized particles 218 Materials and carriers for fabrication of enzyme-based biosensors 220 Natural polymers 220 Synthetic polymers 221 Inorganic materials as support 221 Enzyme-based biosensors 222 Electrochemical enzyme-based biosensors 222 Optical biosensors 226 Electrochemilumiescent biosensors 227 In vivo biosensors 228 Piezoelectric quartz crystal biosensors 229 Thermistor/calorimetric biosensors 230 Challenges in developing enzyme-based biosensors 231 Applications of enzyme-based biosensors in various fields 232 Health and biological applications 233 Environment and agriculture applications 233 Bioprocessing industry applications 234 Food processing and drink analysis applications 234 Security and bioterrorism 235 Conclusions 235 References 236 10 Ultrasound-based drug delivery systems 241 Bhavana Joshi and Abhijeet Joshi Introduction 241 Physics of ultrasound-based drug delivery system 241 Factors affecting ultrasound-mediated drug delivery 242 Implications of the ultrasound-mediated delivery 243 Types of drug carriers 246 Applications of ultrasound-mediated drug delivery systems 252 Cancer 252 Alzheimer''s disease 255 Transdermal drug delivery 255 Pulmonary diseases 256 Cardiovascular disease 257 Conclusions and future aspects 258 References 259 11 Electroencephalogram-controlled assistive devices 261 Abdulhamit Subasi Introduction 261 Literature review 263 Electroencephalogram 265 Brain Signal denoising methods 267 Principal component analysis 268 Independent component analysis 268 Multiscale principal component analysis 268 Feature extraction methods 269 Wavelet packed decomposition 270 Dual tree complex wavelet transform 271 Dimension reduction methods 271 Machine learning methods 272 Artificial neural networks 272 k-Nearest neighbor 273 Support vector machine 273 Classification and regression tree 273 C4.5 decisio.