Preface viii Acknowledgements and Dedications x How to Use Your Textbook xi About the Companion Website xiv Chapter 1 The Case for Nursing Theory 1 Introduction 1 The Necessity and Meaning of Theory 3 Theory Defined 4 Construction of Theory 8 Theory and Science of Nursing 9 Other Interpretations of Theory 11 Main Paradigms and Philosophies and Their Influence on the Development of Nursing Science 11 Theory and Practice of Nursing 13 Do We Really Need Theory? 14 Nursing Theories Today 15 Conclusion 17 Additional Reading 18 References 18 Chapter 2 Knowing in Nursing and Nursing Knowledge 21 Introduction 22 Definitions of Knowing and Knowledge 22 Philosophies of Knowledge 23 How Do Nurses Know? 32 Categories of Knowing 37 Mixed Methods 45 Conclusion 46 Useful Web Links 46 References 47 Chapter 3 Theory from Practice and Practice from Theory 49 Introduction 49 First Steps - Reflecting on Theory 50 The Questions Begged 51 Developing Nursing Theory 51 Levels of Theory 53 The Relationship Between Theory and Practice 64 The Questions Begged - Some Answers 71 Conclusion 72 Additional Reading 72 References 73 Chapter 4 Nursing Theories and New Nursing Roles 77 Introduction 77 Defining Role 78 Background to the Development of New Roles in Nursing 78 Some Implications of the New Nursing Roles 79 Using Theory to Understand New Roles in Nursing 80 Conclusion 88 Further Reading 88 References 89 Chapter 5 Nursing Theories or Nursing Models 93 Introduction 94 Reasons for Historical Nursing Theory Evolution 94 Model 96 Theory 97 Theory or Model? 98 The Classification of Theories 100 Current Trends in Nursing Theories 103 The Nursing Metaparadigm 103 Benefits of Nursing Theories 107 Limitations of Nursing Theories 110 Conclusions 112 Additional Reading 114 References 114 Chapter 6 Interpersonal Relationships: The Essence of Nursing Models and Theories 118 Introduction 119 Types of Interpersonal Relationships 119 Personal Knowing 121 Classifications of Interaction Theories According to Different Authors 123 Implications for Nurse Practice, Research and Education 127 Social Capital 128 Challenges to the Development of Interpersonal Relationships in Nursing and the Use of Interpersonal Theories 129 Conclusion 132 Additional Reading 132 Useful Web Links 133 References 133 Chapter 7 How to Select a Suitable Model or Theory for Practice 136 Introduction 137 Selecting an Appropriate Nursing Theory 138 Potential Problems when Selecting a Nursing Theory 139 Choosing a Suitable Nursing Theory 144 Nurses'' Own Philosophy as a Basis for Selecting a Theory 148 A Strategy for Choice 149 Who Should Select the Theory? 150 Nursing Theories Versus Theories Developed by Other Disciplines 150 Conclusion 152 Useful Web Links 154 References 154 Chapter 8 Research and Theory: A Reciprocal Relationship 156 Introduction 157 What is the Link Between Theory and Research? 159 Research in Nursing 160 Theory-Generating Research (TGR) 161 Theory-Testing Research (TTR) 165 Theory-Framed Research (TFR) 167 Theory-Evaluating Research (TER) 168 Strategies for Theory Development Through Research 172 Conclusions 176 Additional Reading 176 Useful Web Links 177 References 177 Chapter 9 Criteria for Theory Description, Analysis and Evaluation 179 Introduction 180 The Evaluator of a Nursing Theory 180 Significance of the Theory 181 Step 1: Theory Description 182 Step 2: Theory Analysis 184 Step 3: Theory Evaluation 190 Conclusion 196 Additional Reading 197 References 197 Appendix A The Metaparadigm Elements as Outlined in Twenty Nursing Grand Theories 199 Index 202.