Preface xi Acknowledgements xiii Meet the Family xiv Chapter 1 Contemporary Nursing Care 1 Introduction 1 The National Health Service 2 The Healthcare System in Scotland 2 The Healthcare System in Wales 2 The Healthcare System in Northern Ireland 2 The NHS Constitution 3 Nursing 3 The 6Cs of Nursing 4 The Role of the Nurse 6 Technology and Nursing 7 The Provision of Care 8 Duty of Care 9 Professionalism 9 The Principles of the Code 10 Accountability 10 Spheres of Accountability 11 Confidentiality 11 Duty of Confidentiality 12 Confidential Information 12 Disclosure of Confidential Information 13 The 2018 Data Protection Act 13 Caldicott Guardian 13 Autonomy 14 Advocacy 15 Delegation 15 Conclusion 16 References 17 Further Reading 18 Chapter 2 Critical Thinking and Clinical Decision-Making 19 Introduction 19 Critical Thinking 20 Clinical Decision-Making 22 Normative, Prescriptive, and Descriptive Models 25 The Decision-Making Process 27 Factors Impacting Clinical Decision-Making 28 From Novice to Expert 31 Conclusion 32 References 32 Further Reading 33 Chapter 3 The Nursing Process 34 Introduction 34 The Nursing Process 34 The Stages of the Nursing Process 37 Signs and Symptoms 38 Nursing Diagnosis 40 Planning 42 Implementation 42 Evaluation 44 Conclusion 47 References 48 Further Reading 48 Chapter 4 Care Plans 49 Introduction 49 Care Plans 50 Indwelling Urethral Catheter 52 Care Pathways 54 Care Bundles 57 Discharge Planning 59 Conclusion 61 References 62 Further Reading 63 Chapter 5 Models of Nursing 64 Introduction 64 Nursing Theories 64 Nursing Models 67 Orem''s Self-Care Deficit Theory 69 Roy''s Adaptation Model 69 Roper, Logan, and Tierney''s Activities of Living Model 70 Conclusion 78 References 78 Further Reading 79 Chapter 6 The Skills of Assessment and Planning Care 80 Introduction 80 Assessment 81 Planning Care 88 Objectives and Goals 89 Writing Goals or Objectives 92 Conclusion 94 References 95 Further Reading 96 Chapter 7 Assessment Tools 97 Introduction 97 Tools and Instruments 97 Reliability 98 Validity 99 Sensitivity and Specificity 100 Wound Assessment Tools 101 Nutritional Assessment Tools 102 National Early Warning Score (NEWS) 2 103 Track and Trigger Systems 109 Conclusion 110 References 110 Further Reading 111 Chapter 8 Assessing the Musculoskeletal System 112 Introduction 112 Bones 113 Joints 115 Skeletal Muscles 115 Storage 116 Anatomical Terms 118 Assessing Needs 118 The Health History 118 Biographical Data 118 Current Health Status 118 Balance and Coordination Problems 125 Past Health History 125 Family History 125 Review of Systems 125 Psychosocial Profile 126 The Physical Assessment 127 Method 128 Undertaking a General Survey 128 Physical Examination 128 Carrying Out a Musculoskeletal Physical Assessment 128 Assessing Joints and Muscles 130 Additional Tests 131 Conclusion 133 References 134 Further Reading 134 Chapter 9 Assessing the Circulatory System 136 Introduction 136 The Circulatory System 136 Blood 137 Platelets 141 Blood Groups 141 The Blood Vessels 142 The Capillaries 143 Blood Pressure 144 The Lymphatic System 144 Assessing Needs 145 The Health History 146 Physical Examination 146 Conclusion 157 References 157 Further Reading 158 Chapter 10 Assessing the Cardiac System 159 Introduction 159 The Cardiac System 160 The Heart 160 The Cardiac Cycle 165 Assessing Needs 166 Chief Complaint and History of Present Condition 167 Family History 167 Lifestyle 168 Past Medical History 168 The Physical Examination 169 The Blood Pressure 169 Chest Examination 171 Cardiac Auscultation 171 Electrocardiogram 173 Assessing Chest Pain 175 Conclusion 179 References 180 Further Reading 180 Chapter 11 Assessing the Gastrointestinal System 181 Introduction 181 The Gastrointestinal System 181 Organs of the Gastrointestinal System 184 The Organisation of the Gastrointestinal Tract 187 Assessing Needs 192 The History 192 Past Health History 194 Medication History 194 Social History and Lifestyle Risk Factors 194 Family History 195 Psychosocial Health 195 Nutritional Assessment 195 The Physical Examination 196 Auscultation 198 Percussion 199 Palpation 200 Abdominal Pain 200 Using PQRST for Pain Assessment 201 Locations of Pain 202 Conclusion 204 References 205 Chapter 12 Assessing the Renal System 206 Introduction 206 The Renal System 206 Assessing Needs 213 Obtaining a Patient History 213 The Urine 216 Urinalysis 217 Focused Patient Examination 219 Dysuria and Urinary Tract Infection 221 Conclusion 222 References 223 Chapter 13 Assessing the Respiratory System 224 Introduction 224 The Respiratory System 224 Pulmonary Ventilation 228 How Breathing Is Controlled 230 Gas Exchange 231 The Patient History 234 How to Use a Stethoscope 236 Physical Examination 238 Conclusion 244 References 244 Chapter 14 Assessing the Male Reproductive System 245 Introduction 245 The Male Reproductive System 245 Assessing Needs 250 The Physical Examination 251 The Patient History 255 Urodynamic Studies 256 Physical Examination 257 Conclusion 260 References 260 Chapter 15 Assessing the Female Reproductive System 262 Introduction 262 The Female Reproductive System 263 The Fallopian Tubes 268 The Vagina 268 The Breasts 269 Breast Development 271 Hormones and the Breast 271 The Patient''s History 271 Physical Examination 273 Assessment of the Breasts 273 Assessment of the Organs of the Female Reproductive System 274 Equipment 274 Digital Bimanual Palpation 275 Conclusion 277 References 278 Chapter 16 Assessing the Nervous System 279 Introduction 279 The Nervous System 279 The Central Nervous System 282 The Peripheral Nervous System 287 The Patient History 290 Physical Examination 295 Conclusion 302 References 302 Chapter 17 Assessing the Ears and Eyes 303 Introduction 303 Hearing 304 Assessing Needs: The Person with Ear Problems 308 The Physical Examination 310 Vision 315 Assessing Needs: The Person with Eye Problems 323 The Physical Examination 324 Conclusion 329 References 329 Further Reading 330 Chapter 18 Assessing the Endocrine System 331 Introduction 331 The Endocrine System 331 The Patient History 339 Physical Examination 342 Conclusion 344 References 344 Chapter 19 Assessing the Immune System 345 Introduction 345 The Immune System 345 The Patient History 357 Physical Examination 359 Conclusion 362 References 362 Chapter 20 Assessing the Skin 364 Introduction 364 The Skin 364 The Functions of the Skin 368 Assessing the Skin 370 The Patient History 370 Conclusion 377 References 377 Chapter 21 Assessing End-of-Life Care 379 Introduction 379 Assessing the Dying 380 Psychological Needs of the Patient at the End of Life 387 Advanced Care Planning 389 Confirming and Certifying Death 389 Self Care 391 Focused Assessment 391 Conclusion 391 References 391 Index 000.