Notes on Contributors xiii Acknowledgements xvii Introduction xix 1 Understanding Your Apprenticeship 1 Annabel Coulson Introduction 1 Aims of This Chapter 1 The History of Nurse Education and the Apprenticeship Model 2 What Is an Apprenticeship? 4 The Apprenticeship Standards for Nursing Associates (ST0827) 5 ''On-the-Job'' Time 5 ''Off- the-Job'' Learning 6 Getting the Right Balance 8 Postregistration Opportunities 9 Preceptorship 9 What Are Postregistration Opportunities? 9 Chapter Summary 11 References. 11 2 Embedding the Nursing Associate in Practice 12 Jacqueline Elton Introduction 12 Aims of This Chapter 12 Related NMC Standards. 12 Why the Need for a New Role? 13 Is the NA a Reinvention of the SEN? 15 Potential Difficulties with the Introduction of New Roles. 17 Understanding of the Role 18 The Reality of the NA Role 18 Annabel - Programme Lead 18 Jenny - Senior Nurse Manager Acute Hospital Inpatient Setting 20 Claire and Amanda - Community NAs 21 Louise - Trainee Nurse Associate Acute Inpatient Trust 22 Steph and Sonal - Nursing Associates Supporting and Developing Other Nurse Associates 23 Chapter Summary 24 References 25 3 Being a Professional: The Importance of Scope of Practice 27 Claire Agnew van Asch Introduction 27 Aims of This Chapter 27 Related NMC Standards 28 Being a Professional 28 Modern Nursing Origins 28 Defining a ''Profession'' 28 Professional Regulation 28 Being a Nursing Associate 30 Advocacy 30 Barriers to Effective Advocacy 31 Advocacy Skills 31 Empathy 33 Active Listening 33 Professional Autonomy and Working within Your Scope of Practice. 35 What Is Scope of Practice? 35 Practise Effectively 36 Preserve Safety 36 Ensuring You Are within Scope of Practice 36 Clinical Competence 37 Professional Judgement and Clinical Decision Making 37 Clinical Decision Making 37 Critical Thinking and Using the Evidence 39 Using Evidence-based Practice 39 Foundations for the Nursing Associate Role 40 The Nurse-Patient Relationship 40 Requirements for a Successful Nurse-Patient Relationship 41 Prioritise People 41 Promote Professionalism and Trust 42 How Do You Build a Nurse-Patient Relationship? 42 Holistic Nursing Care 43 The Unpopular Patient. 43 The Nursing Process 44 What Is the Nursing Process? 44 Practise Effectively 47 NMC Proficiencies 47 Chapter Summary 47 Suggested Answers for Advocacy Scenarios 48 References 49 Further Reading 50 4 Applying Person-centred Approaches to Care 51 Leigh-Ann Cowell Introduction 51 Aims of This Chapter 51 Related NMC Standards 52 What Is Person-centred Care? 52 Nursing Theories and Models 55 Popular Nursing Models 56 Orem (1980) 56 Peplau''s Theory of Nursing (1991) 56 Roper, Logan and Tierney (2000) 57 Recovery Star 57 The Nursing Process. 58 Patient and Family-centred Care 59 Person-centred Care at End of Life 61 Supporting Person-centred Care with Cultural Competence 62 Cultural Awareness 63 Cultural Knowledge 63 Cultural Skill 63 Cultural Encounters 63 Cultural Desire 63 Chapter Summary 64 References 64 Further Reading 65 5 Effective Communication for the Nursing Associate 67 Michelle Richardson Introduction 67 Aims of This Chapter 67 Related to NMC Standards 67 The Importance of ''Good'' Communication 68 Underpinning Theories 68 Understanding Ourselves and How We Develop Our Own Communication 69 Developing an Effective Therapeutic Relationship 72 Using Communication to Engage and Develop Care 74 Heron''s (2001) Six-stage Interventional Analysis 74 Recognised Barriers to Effective Communication 75 Communicating with Children 76 Tools to Aid Communication 76 Cultural Awareness 77 Questions to Consider when Developing an Effective Nurse-Patient Relationship 78 Barriers to Supporting Cultural Awareness 79 Sensory and Altered Perceptions 80 Physical Causes of Communication Barriers 82 Challenging Conversations - Breaking Bad News and Emotionally Charged Situations 84 Spikes 85 Setting Up the Interview 86 Perception (Assessing the Patient''s Perception) 86 Invitation (Obtaining the Patient Invitation) 86 Knowledge (Giving Knowledge and Information to the Patient) 86 Emotions (Addressing the Patient''s Emotions with Empathetic Responses) 87 Strategy and Summary 87 Conflict and Challenging Behaviour 87 Application to Practice 89 Professional and Team Communication 90 Resources 90 Chapter Summary 91 References 91 Further Reading 92 6 The Nursing Associate and Duty of Care, Candour, Equality and Diversity 93 Marie Knight Introduction 93 Aims of This Chapter 93 Related NMC Standards 94 Duty of Care 94 Prioritise People 94 Professional Competence 95 Effective Communication 96 Advocacy 96 Ethical Practice 97 Continuous Improvement 97 Duty of Candour 99 Disclosure of Adverse Events. 99 Supporting the Patient 100 Documentation and Reporting 100 Mental Capacity 100 Equality and Diversity 102 Chapter Summary 104 References 104 Further Reading 105 7 The Team Around the Patient 106 Colette Orton Introduction 106 Aims of the Chapter 107 Related NMC Standards 107 Teams 107 Barriers to Team Development 109 Changing Roles 109 Changing Settings.

110 Instability of Teams. 110 Communication in Teams. 110 Critical Thinking, Problem Solving and Decision Making 112 Critical Thinking. 113 Problem Solving. 113 Incidents and Accidents: Patient Safety Incident Response Framework (PSIRF). 114 Culture 117 Leadership, Psychological Safety, Learning Environments, Change and Improvements 119 Autocratic 120 Democratic 120 Laissez Faire 120 Chapter Summary 121 References 122 Further Reading 123 8 Nursing Associates and the Importance of Being Curious 124 Rose Webster Introduction 124 Aims of This Chapter 124 Related NMC Standards 125 What Is Evidence-based Practice? 126 Historical Context of Evidence-based Practice 126 Evidence-based Nursing Practice 127 Using Evidence in Practice. 129 Being Aware of the Evidence Underpinning your Practice 129 Finding Evidence to Support your Practice 129 Evaluating the Available Evidence 129 Finding New Evidence 130 Translating Evidence into Practice 130 Monitoring Evidence-based Practice 130 What Is the Evidence Base for Practice? 130 Finding the Evidence for Practice 131 Clinical Policies and Guidelines as a Source of Evidence for Practice 131 Reviewing the Literature to Find Evidence for Practice 133 What Published Evidence Should I Look At? 134 Finding Evidence Collated by Others 135 Searching the Published Literature 135 Evaluating the Evidence That You Find 136 Finding New Evidence for Practice 136 Evidence from Systematic Enquiry through Research 137 Research Methods 137 Quantitative Methods 137 Qualitative Methods 139 Limitations of Systematic Research as a Source of Evidence to Inform Practice 140 Evidence from Clinical Expertise 140 Evidence from Patient or Service User Experience, Preference and Values 141 Translating Evidence into Practice 142 Clinical Decision Making 143 Monitoring Evidence in Practice 144 Service Evaluation 144 Clinical Audit 144 Chapter Summary 145 References 145 Further Reading 147 Evidence-based practice 147 <.