Preface xii Acknowledgments xiii About the Companion Site xiv Quick Reference of Laboratory Procedures xv Section I Introduction to Hematology 1 1 Introduction to Hematology 3 1.1 What Is Hematology? 3 1.2 The History of Hematology 3 1.3 Evolution of Veterinary Hematology 5 1.4 The Role of Veterinary Technicians in Hematology 8 1.5 Components of Blood 9 1.6 Species-specific Considerations 12 1.7 Overview of Hematopoiesis 15 1.

8 Common Blood Tests in Veterinary Practice 16 1.9 The Diagnostic Value of Blood 20 1.10 How Blood Reflects Disease Processes 21 1.11 Limitations of Hematology and the Importance of Correlation with Clinical Signs 23 1.12 Ethical and Legal Responsibilities in Hematology for Veterinary Technicians 25 1.13 Preparing for Success in Hematology 28 1.14 Summary 30 2 Hematopoiesis 35 2.1 Introduction to Hematopoiesis 35 2.

2 Sites of Hematopoiesis 35 2.3 Hematopoietic Stem Cells 42 2.4 Erythropoiesis: RBC Production 45 2.5 Leukopoiesis: WBC Production 46 2.6 Thrombopoiesis: Platelet Production 51 2.7 Regulation of Hematopoiesis 52 2.8 Regeneration of Blood Cells After Loss or Destruction 56 2.9 Disorders and Diagnostic Overview 58 2.

10 Summary 61 3 The Hematology Laboratory 65 3.1 Introduction to the Hematology Lab 65 3.2 Overview of Laboratory Setup and Safety 65 3.3 QC and QA in the Veterinary Laboratory 67 3.4 Common Laboratory Equipment 69 3.5 Summary 81 Section II Fundamentals of Hematological Testing 85 4 Blood Sample Collection and Handling 87 4.1 Introduction to Sample Collection and Handling 87 4.2 Sample Handling 87 4.

3 Sample Labeling 96 4.4 Sample Storage 97 4.5 Sample Packaging 98 4.6 Summary 98 5 The Hematocrit and Associated Tests 102 5.1 Introduction to PCV, TS, Fibrinogen, and RBC Indices 102 5.2 PCV--The Hematocrit 103 5.3 TS Testing 105 5.4 Obtaining Fibrinogen Values 110 5.

5 Interpreting PCV, TS, and Fibrinogen Together 113 5.6 Cell Count and Hemoglobin Estimations 114 5.7 RBC Indices 116 5.8 Buffy Coat Evaluation for Microfilaria 118\ 5.9 Limitations and Artifacts 120 5.10 Summary 121 6 Preparing Blood Smears for the Differential Procedure 125 6.1 Introduction to Blood Smears and the Differential Procedure 125 6.2 Blood Smear Evaluation Overview 125 6.

3 Blood Smear Preparation 125 6.4 Components of a Blood Smear 126 6.5 Techniques for Making High-quality Blood Smears 128 6.6 Common Staining Methods 137 6.7 Blood Smear Differential Procedure 140 6.8 Summary 147 7 Cellular Differentiation and Morphology 150 7.1 Introduction to Cellular Morphology 150 7.2 Normal Erythrocyte Morphology 150 7.

3 Variations in Erythrocyte Morphology 152 7.4 Normal Leukocyte Morphology 158 7.5 Variations in Leukocyte Morphology 161 7.6 Thrombocyte Morphology 166 7.7 Variations in Thrombocyte Morphology 166 7.8 Summary 167 8 Performing Complete Blood Counts 172 8.1 Introduction to the Complete Blood Count 172 8.2 Manual CBC Methods 172 8.

3 TIC Brand Systems: Leuko-TIC, Ery-TIC, and Thrombo-TIC 174 8.4 Best Practices in Manual Counting 180 8.5 Blood Smear Evaluation 181 8.6 WBC Counting and Differentiation 183 8.7 RBC Evaluation 185 8.8 Platelet Evaluation 186 8.9 Automated Analyzers and CBC Technology 189 8.10 Interpreting CBC Results 192 8.

11 Advanced Diagnostics and Scatter Plots 196 8.12 Summary 197 Section III Advanced Hematology 201 9 Anemia 203 9.1 Introduction to Anemia 203 9.2 Approaching Anemia: Relative vs. Nonrelative 204 9.3 Grading Anemia: Mild, Moderate, Severe 206 9.4 Classifications of Anemia 212 9.5 Causes of Anemia 217 9.

6 Diagnostic Approach to Anemia 219 9.7 Treatment and Management of Anemia 227 9.8 Prognosis and Monitoring 230 9.9 Clinical Relevance and the Technician''s Role in Anemic Patients 231 9.10 Summary 233 10 Polycythemia 237 10.1 Introduction to Polycythemia 237 10.2 Types and Classifications of Polycythemia 239 10.3 Causes of Polycythemia 239 10.

4 Clinical Signs and History 243 10.5 Diagnostic Approach 245 10.6 Treatment and Management 247 10.7 Prognosis and Long-term Considerations 249 10.8 Summary 251 11 Leukemia and Other Blood Cancers 255 11.1 Introduction to Hematologic Cancers 255 11.2 Classifications of Leukemia 255 11.3 General Clinical Signs and Diagnostic Clues 262 11.

4 Leukemia in Dogs 265 11.5 Leukemia in Cats 269 11.6 Leukemia in Horses 271 11.7 Leukemia in Cattle 274 11.8 Leukemia in Other Species 276 11.9 Diagnostic Tools and Differentiation 278 11.10 Treatment and Management of Leukemia 280 11.11 Summary 283 12 Blood Parasites 287 12.

1 Introduction to Blood Parasites 287 12.2 Transmission and Life Cycles 288 12.3 Common Blood Parasites in Domestic Animals 296 12.4 Morphologic Identification on Blood Smear 310 12.5 Clinical Signs and Hematologic Effects 312 12.6 Diagnostic Techniques 313 12.7 Treatment and Prognosis 318 12.8 Client Communication and Zoonotic Awareness 319 12.

9 Summary 319 13 Coagulation Disorders and Other Hematologic Illnesses 324 13.1 Introduction 324 13.2 Disorders of Hemostasis and Coagulation 324x Contents 13.3 Diagnostic Evaluation of Hemostatic Disorders 334 13.4 Immune-mediated Hematologic Disorders 340 13.5 Overview of Other Hematologic Changes in Illness 345 13.6 Technician''s Role in Recognizing and Responding to Hematologic Illness 348 13.7 Summary: Hematologic Disorders and Common Illnesses 350 14 Hematology of Nonmammalian Species 354 14.

1 Introduction 354 14.2 Normal Reptilian and Amphibian RBCs 354 14.3 Variations in Reptilian and Amphibian RBCs 355 14.4 Normal Reptilian and Amphibian WBCs 355 14.5 Variations in Reptilian and Amphibian WBCs 357 14.6 Reptilian and Amphibian Thrombocytes 359 14.7 Hematological Testing Techniques for Reptiles and Amphibians 360 14.8 Anticoagulants 363 14.

9 Normal Avian RBCs 363 14.10 Variations in Avian RBCs 364 14.11 Normal Avian WBCs 364 14.12 Variations in Avian WBCs 366 14.13 Avian Thrombocytes 367 14.14 Hematological Testing Techniques for Avians 368 14.15 Anticoagulants for Avian Samples 371 14.16 Normal Fish RBCs 371 14.

17 Variations in Fish RBCs 372 14.18 Normal Fish WBCs 372 14.19 Variations in Fish WBCs 372 14.20 Fish Thrombocytes 373 14.21 Blood Parasites of Fish 374 14.22 Hematological Testing Techniques for Fish 374 14.23 Anticoagulants for Fish Samples 377 14.24 Summary 377 Section IV Reference Images, Ranges, and Case Studies 381 15 Reference Images 383 15.

1 Introduction 383 15.2 Erythrocyte Morphology 384 15.3 Erythrocyte Variation 389 15.4 Red Blood Cell Formation 400 15.5 Red Blood Cell Inclusions 401 15.6 Stain Artifact 403 15.7 Normal White Blood Cells Per Veterinary Species 405 15.8 White Blood Cell Variations 430 15.

9 Thrombocyte Morphology 439 15.10 Blood Parasites 444 15.11 Miscellaneous Microscopic Findings 450 16 Clinical Case Presentations 451 16.1 Introduction 451 16.2 Case Study 1: Mindy the Yorkie--Zinc Toxicity and Hemolytic Anemia 452 16.3 Case Study 2: Blinxie the Cat--Renal Lymphoma and Non-regenerative Anemia 455 16.4 Case Study 3: Peter the Collie Mix--Granulocytic Leukemia 458 16.5 Case Study 4: Shelby the Quarter Horse--Piroplasmosis 461 16.

6 Case Study 5: Mr. President the Shelter Cat--Hemotropic Mycoplasma 463 16.7 Case Study 6: Valetto the Cat--Feline Retroviruses 466 16.8 Case Study 7: Twinkle the Shetland Sheep--Sepsis and Trauma Response 468 16.9 Case Study 8: Kelsey the Pitbull Mix--Multiple Myeloma and Immune-mediated Thrombocytopenia 470 16.10 Case Study 9: Winston the Horse--Persistent Basophilia 472 16.11 Case Study 10: Travis the Dog--Rodenticide Poisoning 475 16.12 Case Study 11: Mowgli the Dog--Immune-mediated Hemolytic Anemia 477 16.

13 Case Study 12: Dot the Cow--Bovine Lymphoma 479 16.14 Summary: Case Studies in Veterinary Hematology 481 17 Reference Ranges for Common Hematological Tests 483 17.1 Introduction 483 17.2 Packed Cell Volume 483 17.3 Hemoglobin 485 17.4 Total RBC Count 485 17.5 Reticulocyte Values 485 17.6 RBC Indices 486 17.

7 Platelets 487 17.8 Total WBC Count 488 17.9 WBC Differential and Absolute Values 488 17.10 Total Solids 489 17.11 Fibrinogen 490 References 490 Index 491.