List of Contributors xx Preface xxiii Acknowledgments xxiv Part I. Examination 1 1. Static Examination 3 Section 1. The Static Evaluation as Part of the Complete Lameness Evaluation 3 Initial Steps 3 Visual Examination 3 Palpation of the Neck, Torso, and Hindquarters 5 Palpation of the Forelimb 6 Palpation of the Hind Limb 7 The Next Step 8 References 8 Section 2. Evaluation of Equine Behavior, Tack Fit and Ridden Horse Assessment 10 Behavioral Assessment and Evaluation of Tack Fit 10 Further Reading 16 2. Dynamic Evaluation of the Horse 18 Introduction 18 The Basic Lameness Examination 18 Grading the Lameness 21 Additional Maneuvers for Lameness Detection 22 Circling 22 Manipulative Tests 24 Complicated Lameness 25 Ridden Gait Evaluation 27 Dynamic Gait Evaluation for Suspected Neurologic Disorder 28 Acute Severe Lameness 28 Objective Lameness Tools 29 Next Steps 30 References 30 Part II. Diagnostics 35 3. Diagnostic Analgesia 35 Section 1.
Local Anesthetics 35 Local Anesthetics 35 References 37 Section 2. Perineural Analgesia 39 Introduction 39 Palmar/Plantar Digital Nerve 40 Dorsal Branches (Pastern Ring Block) 41 Abaxial Sesamoid 42 Low Four-Point 43 High Four-Point 44 Deep Branch of the Lateral Palmar/Plantar Nerve 46 Median/Ulnar 48 Peroneal/Tibial 50 References 51 Section 3. Intrasynovial Anesthesia 53 Distal Interphalangeal (Coffin) Joint 54 Navicular Bursa 56 Proximal Interphalangeal (Pastern) Joint 57 Fetlock Joint 58 Digital Tendon Sheath 59 Carpus 60 Tarsometatarsal Joint 61 Distal Intertarsal Joint 62 Tibiotarsal Joint 64 Femoropatellar Compartment 65 Medial Femorotibial Compartment 65 Lateral Femorotibial Compartment 67 References 69 Chapter 4. Lameness Resolved with Palmar/Plantar Digital, Abaxial Sesamoid, or Interphalangeal Joint Analgesia Start 70 Introduction 70 Relevant Clinical Anatomy 70 Osseous Structures 70 Synovial Structures 71 Soft Tissue Structures 72 Miscellaneous Structures 73 Diagnostic Analgesia 73 Common Blocking Patterns and Choosing Diagnostic Imaging 73 Diagnostic Imaging 74 Foot Radiographs 74 Patient Preparation 74 Radiographic Views Performed 74 Special Projections (Shod Horse) 75 Ultrasound of the Foot 76 Osteoarthritis of Coffin Joint 78 Navicular Degeneration 79 Navicular Bursitis 80 DDFT Tendinopathy 80 Hoof Abscesses/Sole Bruises 80 Collateral Ligament Injuries 81 Fracture of Ungual Cartilage 81 Conclusions 82 References 82 Chapter 5. Lameness Resolved with Abaxial Sesamoid, Low Four-Point, or Fetlock Joint Analgesia Topic PageMetacarpo/Metatarsophalangeal Joint Region 91 Functional Anatomy 91 Radiographic Examination 92 Ultrasonographic Examination 93 When to Refer for Advanced Imaging 94 Developmental Orthopedic Disease/Osteochondrosis 94 Synovitis/Osteoarthritis 95 Subchondral Bone Injuries 100 Proximal Sesamoid Bone Disease 100 Tendon and Ligament Injuries 102 Sesamoidean Ligament Injuries 105 Collateral Ligament Injuries 105 Bursa Inflammation 106 Digital Flexor Tendon Sheath Section 108 Anatomy 108 Radiographic Examination 108 Ultrasonographic Examination 108 Common Injuries 110 Synovial Disease 110 SDFT Injuries 111 DDFT & Manica Flexoria Injuries 113 Ligament Injuries 114 Further Reading 115 Chapter 6. Lameness Resolved with High Four-Point, High Two-Point, Lateral Palmar or Carpal Joint Analgesia Topic PageMetacarpus and Suspensory Ligament Region 116 Clinical Examination & Anatomy 116 Radiography 118 Ultrasound 119 Proximal Suspensory Ligament Desmitis 123 Suspensory Branch Injury 124 Suspensory Body Injury 127 Splint Bone Exostosis 128 Proximal Third Metacarpal Avulsion Fracture 130 References 130 Metacarpal Flexor Tendons 132 SDFT 133 ALDDFT 135 DDFT 135 Flexural Deformities 135 References 136 Carpal Region 138 Radiographic Anatomy 140 Ultrasonographic Anatomy 141 Common Injuries 141 Carpal Sheath 142 Osteochondroma 142 ALDDFT 143 Carpal Hygroma 143 References 143 Remaining Chapters 7. Lameness Not Resolved with Distal Limb Diagnostic Anesthesia 145 8. Lameness Resolved with High Four-Point/High Two-Point/Lateral Plantar/TMT Analgesia 154 9.
Lameness Resolved with Hock Region Diagnostic Analgesia 167 10. Lameness Resolved to Stifle Joint Anesthesia 173 11. Hind Limb Lameness Not Resolved with Diagnostic Anesthesia 198 Part III. Treatment 213 Chapter Page12. Treatment of Pain and Inflammation 215 Section 1. NSAIDs and Pain-Modifying Medications 215 Section 2. Biologic-Based Therapies 222 Section 3. Rehabilitation Therapies 232 Section 4A.
Hoof Assessment and Therapeutic Shoeing 254 Section 4B. Therapeutic Shoeing Guidelines 280 13. Treatment of Joint Disease 285 14. Treatment of Tendon and Ligament Injuries 312 15. Behavior or Performance-Based Concerns 343 Section 1. Behavior Concerns in the Ridden Horse 343 Section 2. Thoracolumbar Disease 350 Section 3. Neurologic Examination and Disease 359 Section 4.
Muscle Disorders 367 Section 5. Gastric Disease 380 Index 391.