About the Editors xvii List of Contributors xix Preface xxvii Part I Introduction and Fundamentals 1 1 Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides - An Introduction and Scope of Applications 3 Katekani Shingange and Peter R. Makgwane 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Classification and Basic Properties of Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides 4 1.3 Application Scope of LDHs and LDOs in Catalytic-Driven Technologies 6 1.4 Conclusion 13 References 13 2 Structure Aspects of Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides: Physicochemical, Optical, and Electronic Properties 19 Jodinio Lemena, Nkhosikhona Dlamini, Rethabile Makole, Hendrik C. Swart, Richard A. Harris, Jacobus J.

Terblans, Peter R. Makgwane, and David E. Motaung 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Structure Properties of LDHs and LDOs 20 2.3 Effect of Synthesis Method and Morphology on the Physicochemical, Electronic, and Optical Properties 31 2.4 Conclusion 33 References 33 3 Synthesis of Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides Catalysts with Controlled Structure Properties 43 Aditi De and Subrata Kundu 3.1 Introduction 43 3.

2 Fundamentals of Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides 44 3.3 Synthesis and Strategic Approaches for LDHs and LDOs 48 3.4 Challenges, Recent Advances, and Future Perspectives in Synthesis Techniques 64 3.5 Conclusion 69 3.6 Acknowledgments 70 References 70 Part II Energy Generation and Storage 75 4 Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides Catalysts in Photocatalytic Water Splitting for Hydrogen Generation 77 Kriti Shrivastava and Ankur Jain 4.1 Introduction 77 4.2 Structure of Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides 79 4.3 LDH/LDO-Based Photocatalyst for Hydrogen Production by Water Splitting 80 4.

4 LDHs Materials in Photocatalytic Water Splitting H 2 Production 81 4.5 Conclusion 90 References 91 5 Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production via Water Splitting with Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides Catalysts 99 Yogita Dahiya, Ankur Jain, and Debasish Sarkar 5.1 Introduction 99 5.2 Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting 100 5.3 Layered Double Hydroxides 105 5.4 Conclusion 119 References 120 6 Electrocatalytic Fuel Cells Based on Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides 127 Bhawna Rathi, Monika Shrivastav, Rajnish Dhiman, Ankur Jain, and Manoj Kumar 6.1 Introduction 127 6.2 Selection Standards to Choose Electrocatalysts, Support, and Their Mechanism 131 6.

3 Layered Double Hydroxides Electrocatalysts in Fuel Cells Applications 135 6.4 Layered Double Hydroxides Electrocatalysts in Fuel Cells Applications 143 6.5 Industrial Perspective of Fuel Cell Technology and the Context of LDHs/LDOs 145 References 147 7 Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides Electrocatalysts for the Generation of Hydrogen 151 Suprobhat Singha Roy and Subrata Kundu 7.1 Introduction 151 7.2 Structure of LDHs and Their Electrocatalytic Properties for Hydrogen Production 152 7.3 Types of Metal Oxides and Their Impact on Electrochemical Hydrogen Production 153 7.4 Water Splitting Mechanism 154 7.5 Strategies to Develop Catalysts for HER and OER 158 7.

6 LDH Materials for Water Splitting Application 159 7.7 Recent Development of Metal Oxides for Water Splitting Application 165 7.8 Other Strategies Counter to HER 169 7.9 Challenges and Solutions 172 7.10 Conclusion and Future Perspective 173 Acknowledgments 173 References 173 8 Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides for Energy Storage in Sodium-Ion Batteries 179 Prajakta Dattakumar Dange and Pratap Kollu 8.1 Introduction 179 8.2 Layered Double Hydroxides 180 8.3 Layered Double Oxides 189 8.

4 Conclusion 192 References 193 9 Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides Catalysts in Methane Reforming, Syngas Generation, and Conversion 197 Jodinio Lemena, Peter R. Makgwane, and David E. Motaung 9.1 Introduction 197 9.2 Overview of Methane and Syngas Conversion Processes 198 9.3 Application of LDHs and LDOs in Methane and Syngas Conversions 202 9.4 Catalysts Stability, Deactivation, and Regenerations 210 9.5 Industrial Perspective of LDHs and LDOs Catalysts in Methane and Syngas Conversions 210 9.

6 Conclusion 211 Acknowledgments 211 References 211 Part III Chemical Conversionsenergy Generation and Storage 219 10 Layered Double Hydroxide and Oxide Catalysts in Thermocatalytic Hydrogenation of CO 2 to Chemicals 221 Sivuyisiwe Mapukata, Nyiko Chauke, Andile Mkhohlakali, William Moloto, Reagan Mohlala, Mpho Ledwaba, and Mpfunzeni Raphulu 10.1 Introduction 221 10.2 Overview of CO 2 Hydrogenation Using LDHs and LDOs 222 10.3 Thermo-catalytic Hydrogenation of CO 2 Using LDH and LDO Catalysts 224 10.4 Photocatalytic Hydrogenation of CO 2 to Chemicals Using LDH and LDO Catalysts 229 10.5 CO 2 Hydrogenation Enhancement Strategies 234 10.6 Conclusions 236 Acknowledgments 237 References 237 11 Layered Double Hydroxides Catalysts in Photocatalytic CO 2 Reduction to Chemicals 247 Dhivya Sundar, Sambandam Anandan, Cheng-Hua Liu, and Jerry J. Wu 11.

1 Introduction 247 11.2 Structure and Synthesis of LDH 249 11.3 LDHs for Photocatalytic CO 2 Reduction 250 11.4 Conclusion 260 Acknowledgment 261 References 261 12 Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides for Electrocatalytic CO 2 Reduction to Chemicals 269 Shailendra K. Jha, Niki S. Jha, Alka Kumari, and Rehash Ranjan 12.1 Introduction 269 12.2 Fundamental Aspects and Challenges of Electrocatalytic CO 2 Reduction 270 12.

3 LDHs as Electrocatalyst for CO 2 Reduction Reaction 273 12.4 Oxides as Electrocatalyst for CO 2 Reduction Reaction 279 12.5 Conclusions 285 References 286 13 Photo (Electro) Catalytic Fixation of Nitrogen with Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides Catalysts 295 Rehash Ranjan and Shailendra K. Jha 13.1 Introduction 295 13.2 Benefits and Challenges of Photo (Electro) Catalytic N 2 Reduction 297 13.3 Mechanistic Aspects of Photo (Electro) Catalytic N 2 Fixation Reactions 298 13.4 Essential Activity Descriptors for N 2 Fixation 300 13.

5 LDHs and LDOs Catalysts for N 2 Fixation 301 13.6 LDH Design Strategies for Enhanced Photo (Electro) Catalytic N 2 Fixation 307 13.7 Conclusions 309 References 310 14 Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides in Photocatalytic Organic Chemical Conversions 317 David M. Mabena, Tumisang Lekgetho, and Mabuatsela V. Maphoru 14.1 Introduction 317 14.2 Mechanisms of LDH-Based Photocatalytic Reaction 319 14.3 Oxidation Reactions 321 14.

4 Hydrogenation Reactions 326 14.5 Coupling and Esterification Reactions 331 14.6 Conclusions 335 References 336 15 Layered Double Hydroxide-Based Catalysts for Conversion of Biomass to Chemicals and Fuels 343 Qian Wang, Huifang Wu, Yang Zhao, Xuanlin Guo, Xinlan Zhang, and Junting Feng 15.1 Introduction 343 15.2 LDHs Catalysts in Oxidation Reactions 345 15.3 LDHs Catalysts in Hydrogenation Reactions 348 15.4 LDHs Catalysts in Cyclization Reactions 354 15.5 Reductive Amination 356 15.

6 Catalytic Steam-Reforming of Biomass 361 15.7 LDHs Catalysts in Catalytic C--C Coupling of Biomass 363 15.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 365 References 367 Part IV Environmental Applications 375 16 Layered Double Hydroxides Photocatalysts for Degradation Organic Pollutants 377 Rajesh Sahu, Tarun Patodia, and Ankur Jain 16.1 Introduction 377 16.2 Properties and Synthesis of LDHs 379 16.3 Mechanism of LDH as a Photocatalyst 381 16.4 LDHs in Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants 381 16.5 Conclusion 391 Acknowledgment 391 References 392 17 Layered Double Hydroxides and Oxides Catalysts for Fenton and Persulfate-Driven Removal of Organic Wastewater Pollutants 401 Michael B.

Mensah, Prince Asante, Julius R. Ogbey, Benjamin Kokloku, Nathaniel N. Nubuor, Isaac Aidoo, Wisdom Dzansi, and Nathaniel O. Boadi 17.1 Introduction 401 17.2 Advanced Oxidation Processes 402 17.3 LDHs and LDOs 403 17.4 Catalytic Mechanisms in Fenton-Like Reactions 404 17.

5 Catalytic Mechanisms in Persulfate Activation 405 17.6 Comparative Analysis of LDHs and LDOs in Fenton and Persulfate Reactions 406 17.7 Applications in Organic Pollutant Removal 411 17.8 Challenges and Future Perspectives 413 17.9 Innovations in LDH/LDO Design for Enhanced Catalysis 415 17.10 Prospects for Integrating LDHs/LDOs with Other Treatment Technologies 418 17.11 Conclusion 419 References 419 18 Layered Double Hydroxide and Oxide Catalysts for Remediation of Gaseous Air Pollutants 429 Katekani Shingange, Nyiko Chauke, Mandla Chabalala, Sivuyisiwe Mapukata, and Teboho Mokhena 18.1 Introduction 429 18.

2 Overview of LDHs and Oxide Catalysts 430 18.3 Evolution of Catalysts for Air Pollution Control 431 18.4 Gaseous Air Pollutants 432 18.5 Mechanisms of Catalytic Remediation 433 18.6 Applications and Performance Evaluation of LDH Catalyst.