Foreword by Jean-Luc Fugit xvii Jean-Luc FUGIT Foreword by Ignasi Palou-Rivera xxi Ignasi PALOU-RIVERA Foreword by Magali Smets xxiii Magali SMETS Acknowledgments xxv Jean-Pierre DAL PONT General Introduction xxix Jean-Pierre DAL PONT Part 1 Eco-Chemistry for Sustainable Products®: Solutions for a Chemical Transition 1 Introduction to Part 1 3 Philippe GIRARDON and Valérie LUCAS Chapter 1 Our Home: The Earth 7 Philippe GIRARDON 1.1 Current situation 7 1.2 Climate change 7 1.3 Greenhouse gas emissions 8 1.4 Finite resources 8 1.5 Consumption of raw materials (excluding water and energy) 9 1.6 Energy resources 11 1.7 Strategic minerals and materials 12 1.

8 Water: the most precious commodity; a source of strategic challenges 14 1.9 References 15 Chapter 2 Toward a Holistic Approach to the Chemical Industry Cycle 17 Ismahane REMONNAY 2.1 Transparency, traceability, sustainability, a new collaboration for sustainable and responsible chemistry 18 2.2 A new European strategy to support the "zero pollution" ambition of the European Green Deal 19 2.3 New concepts to support the creation of sustainable products: safe and sustainable by design 20 2.3.1 Toward progressive phasing out of harmful substances 20 2.3.

2 Toward an approach to "convenience" chemistry versus essential and sustainable chemistry: the concept of essential and nonessential use 22 2.4 Toward a better understanding of harmful pollutants through the acquisition of robust scientific data 22 2.4.1 Pollutants of concern: a constantly evolving list and increasingly precise criteria 22 2.4.2 Reaffirming the chemical iceberg concept 23 2.4.3 Mixtures and cocktail effects 24 2.

4.4 A substance, an assessment and the grouping approach 24 2.4.5 An ambitious roadmap 26 2.5 The new international framework 28 2.6 Conclusion and prospects 30 2.7 References 31 Chapter 3 How Can Action Be Managed? The Fundamentals: Ecodesign, Life Cycle Assessment and Circular Economy 33 Guy-Noël SAUVION 3.1 Taking stock of existing technologies 34 3.

2 Shifting from a linear to a circular economy 38 3.3 Ecodesign 45 3.3.1 Ecodesign or ecoinnovation? 49 3.3.2 Creating environmental value 51 3.3.3 Sustainability in the broadest sense 52 3.

4 Lifecycle assessment 53 3.4.1 Principle and general information 54 3.4.2 Applications for the chemical industry 60 3.4.3 Points to consider when implementing LCA 62 3.4.

4 Applying the LCA results 63 3.5 Tools more specific to the chemical industry 65 3.6 Carbon footprint and carbon content of products 70 3.6.1 Connection with the company''s GHG balance sheet 76 3.7 Conclusion 77 3.8 References 77 Chapter 4 Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change 79 Quentin TIZON 4.1 Greenhouse gases? 79 4.

2 What effects do greenhouse gases have on the climate? 80 4.2.1 Pros and cons of the greenhouse effect 81 4.3 Measuring and assessing greenhouse gases 83 4.4 The bilan carbone ® : principle and method 84 4.5 What the bilan carbone ® could mean for the chemical industry 86 4.6 Sector transition strategy: the example of ammonia 87 4.6.

1 The example of ammonia 87 4.7 References 90 Chapter 5 Ecodesigned Products: Issues and Solutions 93 Valérie LUCAS 5.1 Plant-based chemistry: a source of biobased raw materials 93 5.1.1 Plant-based chemistry 93 5.1.2 Biobased chemical synthons and intermediates 94 5.1.

3 Bioprocesses and biotechnologies 94 5.1.4 Biorefineries 95 5.1.5 Biofuels 96 5.1.6 Bioproducts: biosolvents, biosurfactants, biolubricants and bioplasticizers 96 5.1.

7 Biopolymers and plant-based plastics 96 5.2 Biomimicry 97 5.3 Impact on health and the environment 98 5.4 An example case study: biobased paints 98 5.5 References 100 Chapter 6 Paints and Durability 101 Bernard CHAPUIS 6.1 Components of paint 102 6.2 Paint production 104 6.3 Industrial hygiene 104 6.

4 Norms and regulations 104 6.5 Certification 106 6.6 References 107 Chapter 7 A Few Case Studies 109 Philippe GIRARDON 7.1 Fashion and apparel 109 7.2 Cosmetics 110 7.3 Packaging materials: recycling challenges 111 7.4 Waste: recycling plastics and other materials 111 7.5 References 114 Chapter 8 Packaging and Tracers for the Industry of the Future 115 Claude LAMBERT 8.

1 Purpose of packaging? Product protection and traceability 116 8.2 Why trace packages? 116 8.3 Principle and definitions: the marker/tracer procedure 117 8.4 Strategy and selection, ecodesign 118 8.4.1 Surface marking 118 8.4.2 Mass marking 119 8.

4.3 Compatibility of different markers used simultaneously 119 8.5 Applications 119 8.5.1 Plastics 119 8.5.2 Packages 120 8.5.

3 Recycling: new materials 120 8.6 Tracers and 3D printers 120 8.7 Health: harmless - food safety 121 8.8 Tracers and society 121 8.9 References 122 Conclusion to Part 1 Between Contradictions, Challenges and Opportunities 123 Jean-Pierre DAL PONT Part 2 Toxicology and Ecotoxicology: A Contribution to the Design of New Chemical Substances 127 Introduction to Part 2 Aim of the Technical Guide 129 Alain LOMBARD Chapter 9 Methodology at the Research Stage of New Molecules, New Substances and New Ingredients 131 Alain LOMBARD, Philippe LEMAIRE, Jacques L''HARIDON,Michel ROYER and Paule VASSEUR 9.1 Process for defining the target chemical structure 134 9.1.1 Defining alerts based on potential hazards: using in silico models 134 9.

1.2 Detection of CMR (carcinogenic, mutagenic or reprotoxic) potential using in silico methods 135 9.2 Physical-chemical properties of substances 137 9.3 Modeling strategy and acceptability of health, environment and safety alert levels 142 9.4 Persistence and bioaccumulation (P-B) properties 143 9.4.1 Persistence (P) 144 9.4.

2 Bioaccumulation (B) 145 9.5 Ecotoxicology and environmental toxicity 145 9.5.1 Rapid screening tests in ecotoxicology 145 9.5.2 Screening tests for potential endocrine disrupting effects for the environment 148 9.6 Human toxicology 149 9.6.

1 Strategy for local tolerance tests on cell cultures 149 9.6.2 Acute, subchronic and chronic systemic toxicity studies 151 9.6.3 Identification of CMR properties: carcinogenic, mutagenic and reprotoxic 152 9.6.4 Detection of endocrine disrupting properties 156 9.7 Conclusion to the technical guide 158 9.

7.1 Drawing up a summary table 158 9.7.2 How to use the summary table 159 9.7.3 Practical uses of the guide 159 9.8 References 160 Chapter 10 Detailed Test Explanations: Decision Support for Hazard Assessment of New Substances 163 Alain LOMBARD, Philippe LEMAIRE, Jacques L''HARIDON and Paule VASSEUR 10.1 Applying models: in silico testing 163 10.

1.1 Quantitative structural activity/quantitative structural activity relationship (QSAR) 163 10.1.2 Trend analysis, read across 164 10.1.3 Doseresponse models 165 10.1.4 Rule-based models 165 10.

1.5 The OECD toolbox model 166 10.2 Ecotoxicology 167 10.2.1 Definitions 167 10.2.2 Ecotoxicological impact assessment 168 10.2.

3 Ecotoxicity tests 170 10.3 Toxicology 174 10.3.1 Ocular corrosion 174 10.3.2 Cutaneous irritation 174 10.3.3 Ocular irritation 175 10.

3.4 Cutaneous sensitization 176 10.4 Assessing toxic potential 178 10.4.1 Cytotoxicity studies 178 10.4.2 Software for chemical molecule design from the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB) 178 10.5 Risk models based on uncertainty factors (UF models) 179 10.

6 Rapid tests for the detection of mutagenicity 179 10.6.1 First option: two regulatory micromethod tests 180 10.6.2 Second option: high-throughput biomarker method 183 10.6.3 Add-and-read test strategy 186 10.7 Detection of in vitro carcinogenic potential 189 10.

7.1 Tests on human organoids 189 10.8 Tests to determine the reprotoxic potential of substances 190 10.8.1 Reproductive toxicity 190 10.8.2 Embryonic development toxicity 191 10.9 Detection of in silico and in vitro endocrine disruptors 196 10.

9.1 Endocrine disruptors (EDs): a general overview 196 10.9.2 Nuclear and membrane receptors and cytochrome P450 197 10.9.3 Detection of ED potential via in silico testing 201 10.9.4 Detection of ED potential via in vitro tests 202 10.

9.5 Testing for effects not mediated by nuclear receptors 205 10.9.6 In vitro cellular methods and bioluminescent lines 206 10.9.7 In vitro tests under development 206 10.10 List of acronyms 207 10.11 Contributor backgrounds 209 10.

12 References 210 Chapter 11 Contributions from Guest Experts 217 Alain LOMBARD with contributions by guest experts Stéphane PIRNAY, Patrick BALAGUER and Philippe HUBERT 11.1 The expert toxicologist expertise in service to the safety of all! 217 11.1.1 Further reading 221 11.2 Study.