Preface xv Acknowledgments xvii 1 Introduction 1 Yiran Zhang, Zhicheng Zhang 1.1 Origins and Evolution of Small-molecule Catalysis for Electrochemical Energy Conversion 1 1.2 Current State of Small-molecule Catalysis in Electrochemical Energy Conversion 2 1.3 Challenges in Small-molecule Catalysis for Electrochemical Energy Conversion 3 1.4 Opportunities and Future Outlook 4 Acknowledgment 4 2 Electrochemical Energy Conversion Techniques 7 Zhongxin Chen, Huaiguang li 2.1 Introduction: The Future Is Electrifying 7 2.2 Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers 9 2.3 Batteries and Supercapacitors 18 2.
4 Summary 20 3 Constant-potential Modeling in Electrochemical CO 2 Reduction 23 Yaqiong Su 3.1 Introduction 23 3.2 Principle of Constant-potential Modeling 24 3.3 Constant-potential Modeling of Electrochemical CO 2 RR 25 3.4 Conclusion and Outlook 37 Acknowledgment 37 4 Advanced In Situ Characterization Techniques for Direct Observation of Gas-involved Electrochemical Reactions 43 Yue Zhai, Jiamin Zhu, ShuHui Li, Luohua Liu, Li An 4.1 Introduction 43 4.2 In Situ Infrared Technique 44 4.3 Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance 48 4.
4 X-ray Powder Diffraction 53 4.5 In Situ Differential Electrochemical Mass Spectrometer 56 4.6 In Situ Raman Spectroscopy 60 4.7 In Situ Fluorescence Spectrum 65 4.8 X-ray Photoelectron Spectrometer 67 4.9 Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectrometer 71 5 Dynamic Structural Evolution Identification via X-ray Absorption Fine Structure 77 Chengyi Liu, Shibo xi 5.1 Introduction 77 5.2 Fundamentals of XAFS 78 5.
3 XAFS Data Analysis and Interpretation 84 5.4 In Situ and Operando XAFS Techniques 90 5.5 Advanced XAFS Methods 95 5.6 Dynamic Structural Evolution in Catalysts 99 5.7 Application of XAFS in Electrochemical Energy Conversion 101 5.8 Conclusion and Outlook 104 Acknowledgment 105 6 Electrochemical Hydrogen Evolution Reaction 111 Xinran Sun, Boxin Xiao, Jiaqing Liu, Xue Feng Lu 6.1 Introduction 111 6.2 Performance Evaluation Criteria and Methods 114 6.
3 Advanced Electrocatalysts for HER 118 6.4 Summary and Perspective 129 Acknowledgment 132 7 Electrochemical Oxygen Evolution Reaction 139 Yifan Ma, Junhua Li, Ying Tang, Hang An, Xiaopeng Wang 7.1 Introduction 139 7.2 The State-of-the-art Characterization Techniques 141 7.3 OER Mechanisms 143 7.4 The Mechanism and Development Status of Some Typical Energy Conversion Reactions 147 7.5 Catalysis Evaluation and Prediction 149 7.6 Conclusion 150 Acknowledgment 150 8 Electrochemical Hydrogen/Liquid Fuel Oxidation Reaction 157 Ran Wang, Huan Pang 8.
1 Introduction 157 8.2 Hydrogen Fuel Oxidation Reaction 158 8.3 Liquid Fuel Oxidation Reaction 164 8.4 Conclusion and Outlook 172 Acknowledgment 173 9 Catalysts for Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction Reaction 183 An-Liang Wang 9.1 Introduction 183 9.2 The ORR Mechanism 183 9.3 ORR Catalyst Characterization Techniques 185 9.4 The Category of ORR Catalyst 186 9.
5 Pd-based Metal Catalysts 190 9.6 Non-platinum Group Metal Catalysts 192 9.7 Metal-free Catalysts 194 9.8 Single-atom Catalysts 195 9.9 Conclusion and Outlook 200 Acknowledgment 201 10 Electrochemical Conversion of Biomass Derivatives 209 Tao Zhang, Jing Peng 10.1 Introduction 209 10.2 Fundamentals of Electrooxidation of Biomass Derivatives 210 10.3 Cathodic Reaction in Biomass Electrooxidation System 218 10.
4 Challenges and Future Perspectives 224 11 Electrochemical CO 2 Reduction and Conversion 231 Jiapeng Ji, Xiaolong Zhang 11.1 Introduction 231 11.2 Fundamentals of ECR 233 11.3 Catalysts for ECR 236 11.4 Mechanisms and Pathways of ECR 240 11.5 Challenges and Opportunities 246 11.6 Case Studies and Applications 254 11.7 Future Perspectives 257 11.
8 Conclusion 258 12 Electrochemical Nitrogen Fixation and Conversion 269 Rong Zhang, Shaoce Zhang, Ying Guo 12.1 Introduction 269 12.2 Electrocatalytic N 2 Reduction Reaction 271 12.3 Electrocatalytic N 2 Oxidation Reaction 289 12.4 Conclusion and Outlook 295 Acknowledgment 296 13 Recent Progress in Electrochemical C-NCoupling Reactions 311 Chu Zhang, Chunyuan Feng, Lixiang Zhong, Chade lv 13.1 Introduction 311 13.2 Milestones in Electrocatalytic C-NCoupling 312 13.3 Fundamentals of Electrocatalytic C-NCoupling 313 13.
4 Electrocatalytic C-N Coupling for Urea Synthesis 320 13.5 Electrocatalytic C-N Coupling for Amide Synthesis 330 13.6 Mechanistic Understanding of Electrocatalytic C-NCoupling 335 13.7 Summary 341 Acknowledgment 341 14 Electrochemical Fluorination 347 Meng Li, Chuang Fan, Gengtao Fu 14.1 Introduction 347 14.2 Electrochemically Driven Fluoroalkylation 348 14.3 Electrochemical Selective Fluorination of Alkenes 352 14.4 Ionic Liquids-facilitated Electrofluorination 356 14.
5 Electrochemical Fluorination Using Alkali Metal Fluorides 360 14.6 Conclusion and Outlook 362 Acknowledgment 363 15 Electrochemical Polymerization: Synthesis of Functional Films for Energy Devices 367 Yansong Zhou, Shuangyin Wang 15.1 Introduction 367 15.2 General Principles of Electrochemical Polymerization 368 15.3 Advanced Electrochemical Polymerization Technology 371 15.4 Electrochemical Polymerization in the Fabrication of Functional Films 372 15.5 Concluding Remarks 375 Acknowledgment 376 16 Summary and Perspective 383 Yuanmiao Sun 16.1 Summary 383 16.
2 Perspective 384 Index 385.